Size: px
Start showing from the page:
Transcript
1 RESEARCH WORK Section: physics Topic: “How to save energy at home” Completed by: Salmin Daniil Olegovich, 5th grade student of the State budgetary educational institution of secondary school 13 Head: Olga Nikolaevna Shitsko, primary school teacher of the 1st category, city 1
2 Saving electricity at home Daniil Olegovich Salmin Scientific supervisor Olga Nikolaevna Shitsko GBOU Secondary School 13, Samara Region, Chapaevsk The problem of energy saving has become one of the most pressing problems in the whole world today. Today, the state, commercial organizations, and private individuals are engaged in saving energy, because Energy sources are being cut off, and new sources of electricity are not yet being used to their full potential. I wanted to figure out which devices consume how much electricity, and how it can be saved. The purpose of the work is to use specific examples to evaluate the power consumption of household appliances and develop a plan for saving energy at home. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: Find out how much electricity costs and how much we pay for it per month. Measure how much electricity electrical appliances consume in different operating modes. Analyze the level of electricity consumption of various lighting lamps. Develop a plan to save energy at home. As a result of my research, I came to the following conclusions: 1. Unplug appliances when not in use. 2. Do not leave powerful devices turned on for a long time. 3. Wash with not too hot water. 4. Use electric stoves correctly. 5. Don't overwork your refrigerator. 6. Replace light bulbs with energy-saving ones. 2
3 The main achievement was that we actually managed to save money over the last month! We did not infringe on our use of electricity. We simply followed our own advice and used electricity wisely! 3
4 Contents Introduction Theoretical part Measuring appliances at home Kitchen and electric stove Light bulbs...8 Conclusion...10 References
5 Introduction I often hear from parents that electricity needs to be saved. We pay money when electricity is wasted when a light bulb is on, a TV, computer or other electrical appliances are running. And I wanted to figure out which devices consume how much electricity, and how it can be saved. Purpose of the work: Assessing the power consumption of household appliances and developing a plan for saving electricity at home. Objectives: Find out how much electricity costs and how much we pay for it per month. Measure how much electricity electrical appliances consume in different operating modes. Analyze the level of electricity consumption of various lighting lamps. Develop a plan to save energy at home. Hypotheses: It is not necessary to unplug appliances that are not in use. Energy-saving light bulbs, as advertised, use less electricity. Subject of study: electricity Object of study: the amount of electricity consumed by household appliances in the house. 5
6 Theoretical part We all have many different electrical appliances at home. These are light bulbs in a chandelier, a refrigerator, a TV, a vacuum cleaner, a computer, a washing machine, a heater. Many also have an electric stove in the kitchen, various gadgets that are charged from an outlet, etc. All devices consume electrical energy for their operation. This energy is measured in Watts. And we pay for the consumed kilowatt-hours (abbreviated as “kWh”). 1 kWh (1000 Watt per hour) now in Chapaevsk costs 3 rubles 17 kopecks. In a month, an individual family can earn from several hundred to several thousand rubles. Our task is to find out how much you can save electricity at home in order to reduce your payments. Example. On an ordinary light bulb (which is called an incandescent lamp) you can see the inscription: “100W” (or “100W”). And this is equal to 0.1 kW. If a light bulb is on for 8 hours a day, then it consumes: 0.1 kW * 8 hours = 0.8 kW*hour. For 1 month it turns out: 0.8 kW * 30 days = 24 kWh. At a price of 3.17 rubles per 1 kWh, it turns out: 24 kWh * 3.17 rubles. = 76.08 rub. That is, if a 100W light bulb burns for 8 hours a day, then we will pay 76 rubles for the electricity it consumes every month. We purchased a special wattmeter device. With its help, we can see how many watts any electrical appliance consumes in real time. Many devices already indicate how many watts they consume. Let's compare them at the same time. 6
7 We measure the appliances at home We measure the power of electrical appliances in the house to find out which ones consume more and which ones consume less. Accordingly, we will know which devices are best not to use for too long. Let's start with TV. This is an LCD TV with a diagonal of 107 cm. A TV set-top box and speakers work with it. We measure. While watching TV, all this together consumes 220 watts. If we watch TV in the evening for an average of 3 hours, then it turns out: 0.22 kW * 3 hours * 30 days = 19.8 kWh * 3.17 rubles. = 62.77 rub. per month And now we turn off the TV and set-top box with the remote control. But here's the trick! It turns out that neither the TV nor the set-top box turn off completely. They are now in "standby mode". Small LED lights on the devices indicate that the device is connected to the network. And our TV, together with the TV set-top box and speakers, consumes 26 Watts in this mode. Since everything is plugged into the outlet all the time, we calculate: 0.026 kW * 24 hours * 30 days = 18.72 kWh * 3.17 rubles. =59.34 rub. per month Hence the conclusion: many devices continue to consume a lot of electricity if they remain plugged in. This means that the first hypothesis put forward by me was not confirmed! Conclusion: To save energy, disconnect appliances that are not in use from the network. I've heard the same thing about phone chargers. They also don’t need to be left in sockets after the phone has been charged. We check all the phone “chargers” found at home. It turned out that half of the chargers after 7
8 shutdowns of the charging device continue to consume about 1 Watt. This is not a lot at all, but nevertheless: 0.001 kW * 24 hours * 30 days = 0.72 kWh * 3.17 rubles. = 2.28 rub. per month Let's see how other devices behave. My computer consumes about 120 watts while running. It starts to consume more during games: about 200 watts. By the way, many people think that the computer consumes more, because... The power supply usually says “400W” or more. In fact, this is the maximum power of the power supply, but the computer consumes less. If you walk away from the computer, after a few minutes the screen goes blank and the computer goes into power-saving mode. This mode consumes 70 watts. This is a lot, so you shouldn’t leave the computer turned on for a long time. Dad’s computer takes about the same amount, but there are also speakers, a router and a hub, which are always on and consume 17 Watts. That is, even when the computer is turned off, it continues to consume: 0.017 kW * 24 hours * 30 days = 12.24 kWh * 3.17 rubles. = 38.8 rub. per month Next, we measure all the devices with a list. In the same list we include the devices that we measured in my grandparents’ house: Synthesizer: 6 Watt Music center: from 10 to 30 Watt, depending on the volume Laptop: 50 Watt 61cm tube TV: 70 Watt Wall-mounted heater: 1800 Watt Oil heater (7 sections): 1363 Watt Oil heater (11 sections): 2040 Watt Iron: 1501 Watt LED TV 81cm: 50 Watt LED TV 59cm: 50 Watt 8
9 Vacuum cleaner: 1220 Watt (although it was written 1600 Watt) Hair dryer: 1721 Watt (it was written 2200 Watt) In the last two examples, we were faced with a rather large discrepancy between the actual power and that declared by the manufacturer. As we can see from the list we compiled, those devices that use electricity to heat elements (hair dryer, heater, iron) consume an order of magnitude more electricity. Therefore, they must be used with caution, not only in terms of fire safety, but also in terms of economy. Let's calculate how much money we will spend on heating a room with one heater if it works at least 3 hours a day: 2.04 kW * 3 hours * 30 days = 183.6 kWh * 3.17 rubles. = 582 rub. per month So keep in mind that heating in this way is expensive. And don’t forget to turn off heating devices on time. Now let's deal with the washing machine. We ran the wash several times in different modes. And we found out that the cost of washing is most influenced by the temperature of the water, which we pre-set. But, by the way, this does not always affect the cleanliness of the linen. All the clothes we washed ended up being clean. As the saying goes, “If there is no difference, why pay more?” Water temperature Cost of one wash 0 0 C (half load mode) RUB 89 kopecks 0 0 C RUB 74 kopecks 0 0 C RUB 81 kopecks 0 0 C RUB 87 kopecks 9
10 0 0 C RUB 78 kopecks 0 0 C RUB 73 kopecks If there are small children at home, then the washing machine works almost every day. So calculate for yourself how much you spend on laundry per month. Do not increase the water temperature when washing, and turn on the economical half-load mode if you need to wash a small amount of laundry. 10
11 Kitchen and electric stove Some houses do not have gas stoves in the kitchen. Instead, there are electric stoves. They are very gluttonous. Each burner that is turned on consumes up to 2000 watts. They are turned on for several hours every day. We have gas at home. Advice for those who have an electric stove in the kitchen: only place large dishes on large burners. If there is a pan with a small bottom on a large burner, then electricity is also wasted. In addition, glass-ceramic induction cookers can save up to 50% of energy. If you need to heat something up, it's better to use the microwave. It consumes a lot, but much faster than if you heat it on an electric stove. If you have a gas stove at home, then it is extremely uneconomical to use an electric kettle. We tested 2 electric kettles. They consume an average of 1700 watts, and about 50 kopecks are spent on boiling water in a kettle. If you boil the kettle at least 2 times a day, then for a month it turns out: 0.5 rubles. * 2 times * 30 days = 30 rub. per month Make sure there is no scale in the kettle. This can significantly increase energy consumption. And now about the refrigerator. It is constantly on, but does not work smoothly. Sometimes it turns on, makes a little noise and cools the food, sometimes it’s just silent. We connect it via a Wattmeter for exactly one day. After 24 hours, we look at how much electricity the refrigerator spent. It turned out to be 1010 watts per day. 1.01 kW * 30 days = 32.99 kW*h * 3.17 rubles = 104.6 rubles. per month 11
12 Regarding this, there are also a few simple truths that will help you save money. Firstly, the refrigerator should not be close to heat sources, such as a radiator. Otherwise, he will have to produce more cold. Secondly, do not put a hot pan in the refrigerator. It must first cool on the stove. Thirdly, if ice forms in your freezer, you need to get rid of it more often. Light bulbs One of the main consumers of electrical energy at home is lighting fixtures. There are light bulbs in every room. In a chandelier, in lamps, in table lamps, in lighting. And the light bulbs are different. The first light bulb is an incandescent lamp. It is already becoming obsolete, as it consumes too much electricity. Second energy-saving fluorescent light bulb. It is about 4 times more economical. Third LED light bulb. Such light bulbs began to appear not so long ago. They consume even less energy, but are still quite expensive. There are also other types of light bulbs, for example, halogen, but we will focus on these most common ones, which we have at home. I counted all the light bulbs we have at home and this is what I got: 12
13 Lamp type Quantity Power, Watt Total Watt Incandescent halogen lamps Energy-saving LED Total, if you turn on all the lights in all rooms, 661 Watts will be spent. There are only 4 incandescent lamps left. They have almost been replaced by energy-saving lamps. It would be necessary to replace the remaining ones. LED bulbs are best used to illuminate specific areas. They still shine dimmer, but to illuminate a desktop or ceiling it will turn out beautifully and economically. We check on a wattmeter whether the paws really spend as much as stated: the deviations are insignificant. So, the following hypothesis has also been confirmed. The conclusions suggest themselves: It’s high time to replace old incandescent lamps with energy-saving lamps. Turn off the lights in rooms if they are not needed there right now. This is the simplest and most effective saving. If the room has light wallpaper and the windows are not curtained, then perhaps you won’t have to turn on the lights again. 13
14 14
15 Conclusion So, I have tested all the hypotheses put forward. I learned a lot about saving energy at home, moreover, experimentally, and for some time I felt like a real scientist. The main achievement was that we actually managed to save money over the past month! We did not infringe on our use of electricity. We simply followed our own advice and used electricity wisely! As a result, we managed to save about 100 rubles per month, compared to the last two months, which amounted to 20%. I would like to bring to your attention a memo that I compiled. 7. Unplug appliances when not in use. 8. Do not leave powerful devices turned on for a long time. 9. Wash with not too hot water. 10. Use electric stoves correctly. 11. Do not force the refrigerator to work excessively. 12. Replace light bulbs with energy-saving ones 15
16 List of references
Energy saving Energy plays an important role in the development of society. The growth of the Earth's population will be accompanied by an annual increase in energy demand by 1.7%. The world's energy demand is constantly increasing.
1 / 9 Don't neglect natural light. light curtains, light wall and ceiling decoration, clean windows, moderate plantings on window sills will increase the illumination of your home and reduce the cost of
Municipal budgetary educational institution “Tsna secondary school 2” Energy saving is a new “source” of energy
Energy saving is everyone's business. You will need 1 kWh of energy in order to: listen for 50 hours. Heat a full bath of water (150 l) to 6 degrees on the radio. Leave a 60 power lamp on for 17 hours.
ENERGY SAVING: PRACTICAL TIPS WHY SAVE ELECTRICITY? According to experts, Russia spends 3 times more energy resources per unit of production than in European countries.
Bad advice: energy efficiency May-2018 what is energy efficiency? Something is more energy efficient if it provides more services for the same amount of energy or
Research work Physics SAVING ELECTRICITY IN HOUSEHOLD Smirnova Alena Andreevna, 8th grade student of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School Pos. TCHAIKOVSKY Moscow region, city center SAVING ENERGY IN THE HOME Smirnova
Regional scientific and practical conference of educational, research and design work of students in grades 6-11 “Applied and fundamental questions of mathematics” Applied questions of mathematics Energy saving
RELEVANCE OF THE PROBLEM OF energy and resource saving Arctic ice 1970 2008 Greenhouse gas emissions for 2008 To prevent an environmental catastrophe it is necessary to reduce the consumption of fuel and energy
UDC 628.9:338.001.36 Features of energy saving and energy efficiency in the residential sector at the apartment level Rusinina A.O., Sergeychik A.V. (scientific supervisor Khmel E.V.) Belarusian National Technical
Municipal budgetary educational institution "Secondary school 2 of Navashino" Project topic: "Application of energy-saving technologies in everyday life" Navashino 2018 Introduction While living your life, try
Scientific research work Energy saving and environmental protection Completed by: Pavel Andreevich Pashin, student of class 8b, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School 10, Kyshtym Supervisor: Tatyana Vladimirovna Pazina, physics teacher
Lesson topic: “Electricity. Saving electricity." MBOU Secondary School 52 Volskaya E.I. Each of us is a consumer of electricity. Is it possible to reduce energy consumption without reducing comfort?
Municipal autonomous educational institution Lyceum 13 of Khimki (Aerospace Lyceum) Report on the class hour on the topic: “Energy Saving” date: 09.15.2017 Goals and objectives
“Energy saving” Ecological culture is knowledge concerning the basic patterns and relationships in nature and society, a practical attitude towards nature, society, and reality (this is an environmental
Which household appliance has a higher average monthly electricity consumption than others? In the average family, the refrigerator uses the most energy. This household appliance works
Dear residents of the municipality “City of Mozhga”! Currently, creating conditions for increasing the efficiency of energy use and other types of resources is becoming one of the priorities
REPORT ON THE WEEK ON ENERGY SAVING IN THE RYABINUSHKA GROUP Every year, as part of the International Energy Saving Day, promotions are held to save electricity, heat and water. Secondary students
Class hour “The Tale of Saved Energy” Compiled by Gerashchenko I. A. Useful and necessary information Memo for everyone We love water, water, water, Turn the tap and waste it by the liter. Know, saving water-sister,
Energy saving at my home Class hour Energy saving Energy saving (energy saving) implementation of legal, organizational, scientific, production, technical and economic measures aimed
1. Energy consumption and its consequences 6. Reflection. Summing up lesson 2. Work in laboratories: A. quiz B. analysts 3. Conclusions. Summing up the work 4. Work in creative workshops 5. Conclusions.
Presentation for a lesson on energy saving within the framework of the All-Russian festival of energy saving “BRIGHTER TOGETHER” 2018 Teacher of GAPOU SO “Samara State College” Orlov A.V. 1. History of energy saving
How much can you save by using energy-saving (hereinafter referred to as economical) lamps and is it worth the trouble? The table below shows a comparative calculation of costs when using conventional and economical lamps. Regular
In other words, DEAR CLIENTS! In conditions of increasing demand for energy resources and rising tariffs for them, as well as environmental deterioration, reduction in oil, coal and gas reserves, special
COLORING BOOK AND OTHER ENTERTAINMENT Page 1 Dear friends! We live with you on a wonderful planet that must be protected! Our houses have water, heat and electricity. When you wake up you open
Useful tips for the “Electricity” block Energy costs for lighting account for about 17% of all electricity used in everyday life. To make more effective use of natural light, you can
How to install an apartment multi-tariff electric meter in Moscow Paying for multi-tariff electric meters will allow you to save your family budget. Why is this needed? A multi-tariff meter makes it possible
We work for the benefit of the region! Simple energy saving rules for every day Pay less for light! Make your home smarter! Make the environment more comfortable! Reduce environmental pollution! Energy saving
Physics lesson summary “Savings starts with a light bulb...” 9th grade Purpose of the lesson: get acquainted with promising areas of artificial lighting technology, compare energy-saving ability
REPORT ON THE RESEARCH RESULTS: STUDYING THE HABITS OF CONSUMPTION OF PUBLIC SERVICES BY THE POPULATION OF UKRAINE 08/29/2016 CONTENTS 1. Conclusions 8-9, 42, 65, 85 2. Methodology and demographic description of the sample 3,
PRELIMINARY CALCULATION OF POWER FOR PRIVATE RESIDENTIAL HOUSES 1 2 Sum up the power of all electrical appliances and electrical equipment planned for use, which is indicated in the passports of electrical appliances
MKOU Krasnogoryevskaya secondary school 10 Energy and us Goal: to attract children's attention to the problems of using electricity, saving energy and energy resources. Objectives: creating motivation to save resources
Electricity in our apartment. Refrigerator in the catalog of the best abstracts on the network, more than 300,000 works in total. 796503731195080 That’s right, but what is called electricity (a type of energy, with the help. will not work
Goroshevskaya Tatiana
Research on this topic is related to people’s lack of a clear understanding of the unit price of electricity and gas energy. We pay for utilities and don’t think about which energy is more economical to use at home: electricity or gas, and how we can save money on electricity bills. This problem faces us especially acutely during the global financial crisis.
Download:
Preview:
MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
"ZAVYALOVSKAYA SECONDARY EDUCATION SCHOOL No. 1"
ZAVYALOVSEGO DISTRICT OF ALTAI REGION
RESEARCH
“Learning to live economically”
The work was completed by a student
9th grade
Goroshevskaya Tatiana
Supervisor; Pozharitskaya T.G.
Physics teacher
ZAVYALOVO 2012
I. Introduction | |
1. Problematic justification for the choice of research work. 2. Relevance of the chosen topic. 3. Hypothesis. 4. Purpose and objectives of the study. 5. Object, subject of research. 6. Research methods. 7. Practical orientation of the work. 8. Stages of work. 9. Working hours. | |
II. Main part | 5-14 |
1. Learning to be frugal (theory) | |
1.1 Energy-saving household appliances | |
1.2 Energy saving light bulbs | |
1.3 Indicators | |
1.4 Normal | |
1.5Tips for thrifty people | |
2. Practical part | 10-14 |
2.1 Calculations for heating water with an electric kettle | 10-11 |
11-12 |
|
12-13 |
|
2.4 Summary table | |
III. Conclusions from the work | |
1. Conclusions | |
IV.Appendix | |
V.Literature |
I. Introduction
1 .Problematic justification for choosing a research work:How can you save electricity in your apartment?During the global financial crisis, the problem of energy saving is relevant for the entire modern society.
2.Relevance: Research on this topic is related to people’s lack of a clear understanding of the unit price of electricity and gas energy. We pay for utilities and don’t think about which energy is more economical to use at home: electricity or gas, and how we can save money on electricity bills. This problem faces us especially acutely during the global financial crisis.
3. Hypothesis: The modern household electrical appliances we use are not always economically beneficial for the consumer.
4. Purpose of the study:
- Analyze ways to save energy.
- Based on heating water, find out: which type of energy is cheaper today: electricity or natural gas?
5. Tasks:
1. Study the literature on this topic.
2. Compare energy costs when heating 1 liter of water using an electric kettle, boiler and gas stove.
3. Conduct a survey of students.
4.Formulate the basic principles of energy saving.
6. Object, subject of research: energy calculations for an electric kettle, boiler, gas stove.
7. Research methods:
1.Analytical;
2.Questionnaire;
3.Analysis and diagnostics of the results obtained;
4. Energy calculations.
8. Practical focus of work:calculate energy costs, identify energy-efficient devices.
9.Stages of work.
Stage 1 - collecting information on the selected topic;
Stage 2 - student survey;
Stage 3 - data processing;
Stage 4 - calculation of energy costs based on the data received;
Stage 5 - analysis of the results obtained;
Stage 6 - practical applications research.
10. Working hours.
September - study of literature on a chosen topic;
October - student survey, data processing;
November - calculation of energy costs based on the data received, analysis of the results obtained.
December - analysis of the results obtained, practical application of the research.
II. Main part
1.1 Learning to be economical
How can you save electricity in your apartment? Moreover, electricity prices rise from year to year. An electric stove is the most wasteful of household electrical appliances. If a TV consumes about 300 kW/h per year, a refrigerator approximately 450 kW/h, then an electric stove consumes more than 1000 kW/h.
Average energy consumption
Washing dishes - 3%
Small heating appliances - 3%
TV/Audio - 6%
Wash and dry - 8%
Lighting - 10%
Cooking - 10%
Hot water: kitchen and bath - 14%
Air cooling, refrigerator - 21%
The rest - 25%
1) Let's start saving when buying electrical appliances.
Often, when purchasing any household appliance, from a hair dryer to a washing machine, attention is paid to any technical parameters and appearance, but not to how much electricity the device consumes. This has been the case again since Soviet times, when the price of electricity was a penny. But this is exactly what you need to pay attention to. In Europe, for the convenience of buyers, manufacturers are required to show in a special table the level of electricity consumption from Latin A to G (with arrows from dark green at A to dark brown at G). Naturally, A is the most economical option in terms of electricity, and G is the most “gluttonous” option in terms of electricity.
This label is often affixed to the side or back of large appliances. It should be in the passport for household appliances. Therefore, before purchasing, ask the seller for a passport and pay attention to this table; you can write down for yourself the electricity consumption of a particular model under different operating modes. For example, in energy-saving models of washing machines, the weight of the loaded clothes is automatically detected and the flow of water is adjusted accordingly. Thanks to this, less water is consumed and, accordingly, energy savings on heating amount to up to 40%. When fully loaded, such a machine saves 0.4 kW per hour. Depending on the volume of washing, you can save from 500 to 750 rubles per year. When the washing machine tank is loaded only halfway, 50% of its power is wasted. Excessive use of the drying mode can also cause inefficient use of energy. And by the way, washing at a temperature of 30°C instead of the usual 40°C allows you to save 40% of energy. At the same time, the quality of washing remains the same, since modern washing powders are designed to wash clothes more efficiently at low temperatures. Some electrical appliances will allow you to save up to 60-80% of electricity. For example, fluorescent light bulbs.
1.2 Energy saving light bulbs
You all probably know what fluorescent lamps or (as they are also called) fluorescent lamps are. They consume significantly less electricity than traditional incandescent lamps. They appeared back in the years of the USSR, in the early 80s. These are long frosted glass tubes, 50-80 cm long. However, despite their advantages, such lamps also had disadvantages. They were quite bulky and required special panels for mounting. The quality of Soviet lamps also left much to be desired, and constantly flashing lamps probably got on the nerves of more than one generation of Soviet schoolchildren and teachers. In addition, some did not like the white light of such lamps and irritated them.
But just a couple of years ago, fluorescent lamps appeared on the market that can be screwed into a regular lampshade. You can easily recognize them by their spiral or fork shape (see photos). They have different shades of light, from cold to warm. Warm, it seems to me, is no different from the light of an ordinary incandescent light bulb. The service life of such lamps is from 6000 to 16000 hours. Such light bulbs consume on average 3-4 TIMES less energy than conventional incandescent light bulbs, but give off the same amount of light. That is, for example, a 27 Watt lamp produces approximately the same amount of light as a regular 100 Watt lamp. Saving - 73 Watt. But that's not all. The lifespan of a regular light bulb is 1000 hours. The fluorescent light bulb can last up to 16,000 hours. A regular light bulb costs about 10-15 rubles, and a fluorescent light bulb costs about 60-120 rubles. In terms of service life alone, you will save about 100-120 rubles. But if you also calculate the saved electricity per year, for example, 5 hours a day, 365 days a year, at a cost of electricity of 1.97 per kW - it will be 3595 rubles about about per year. Little things? Maybe. But 5 light bulbs is already 15,000 rubles in year. And if you replace light bulbs in all Russian apartments and houses (I do not yet count the lighting in schools, offices, factories), on average 5 light bulbs per family of three people, the savings per year could be about 30 billion rubles (600 million dollars)! It would be much better if this money were spent on children, on health improvement, and good nutrition. And it's very simple!
Are there any disadvantages to such light bulbs, you ask? Is everything really so cloudless? The first disadvantage is that it is difficult to screw such a light bulb into some narrow chandeliers. Therefore, first make sure that such a light bulb can be screwed into your lampshade. The second disadvantage is that after a long (an hour or more) inactivity, such a light bulb begins to shine a little less than its real power and it takes on average 1-2 minutes to reach maximum power.
Where should such light bulbs be installed? If you approach this issue wisely, then it is not at all necessary to immediately change all the light bulbs in the apartment, especially if you are on a limited budget. It is best to replace light bulbs where they are used the most. Kitchen, living rooms. In the hallway, bath or toilet, the energy benefit will be completely unnoticeable.
2.3 Lighting indicators.
Most electrical appliances work on average 1-2 hours a day (except TVs and computers). However, they are constantly connected to the network and consume some, in principle a small amount of electricity (the so-called stand-by mode, waiting to be turned on), for light indication and the readiness of the device for operation. And since it works constantly, even 23 hours of standby mode with 7-12 devices constantly connected to the network will give you considerable electricity consumption. How to deal with this? You can, of course, connect everything through a tee with a switch off button and turn it off when you leave for work, or in the evening when you go to bed. This is correct not only from the point of view of saving energy, but from the point of view of protecting electrical appliances from voltage surges, which do not happen so rarely. However, most likely very soon you will get tired of constantly turning the tee on and off. There is another solution. A special device that can be configured to turn on and off by remote control. Those. for example, you have a TV, DVD-player, and stereo connected. Each of them has a control panel. All of them are connected through the device and do not consume electricity in stand-by mode (waiting for switching on).
Even in standby mode, household appliances absorb energy.
A watch on a DVD player will cost 96 rubles, and on a music center - 204 rubles. A small “harmless” charge for cell phone, left in the socket after the phone has been charged, eats up 144 rubles per year. Add to this a computer and a microwave - you get another 720 rubles. Thus, the life of your electrical appliances in stand by mode will cost you at least 1,390 rubles per year.
Let’s imagine an “average” apartment, in which there are three TVs, two computers, 2 chargers constantly plugged in, one DVD player and a microwave, and let’s do the math again. It turned out - an extra 2,350 rubles a year.
2.4 Regular Savings
Nothing supernatural. Turn off light bulbs where they are not needed. We consume electricity wisely. For example, if we want to drink a cup of tea, it is not at all necessary to boil 1 liter of water in an electric kettle; 0.3 liters will be enough.
Washing machine:
1) Try to wash with a full load. When partially loaded, the machine consumes almost the same amount of electricity as when fully loaded.
2) Try to wash at a lower temperature. At a washing temperature of +90 C, electricity consumption is 30-40% higher than at a washing temperature of +60 C. Sometimes a temperature of +30/+40 C is sufficient for washing.
3) Use energy-saving programs. If you extend the washing time, you can lower the water temperature. And since the main consumption of electricity goes to heating water, energy savings will reach 45%!
4) By hand washing especially dirty stains and soaking dirty laundry, you can avoid the need for washing at high water temperatures and high energy consumption.
UV-oven
1) It is beneficial to use a microwave oven when heating a small amount of food (250-500 grams, no more). In other cases, it is cheaper to heat food on an electric stove or gas burner.
Fridge
The refrigerator is one of the main consumers of electricity in our homes. He “loves” cool rooms. If you want to save on electricity, do not place it near the radiator or stove. The refrigerator will use less energy if you place it near an outside wall, but not close to it. The larger the air gap between the rear wall of the refrigerator and the wall, the lower the temperature of the heat exchanger and the more efficient its operation.
1) Always check the refrigerator seal. A slight depressurization leads to increased energy consumption by the refrigerator.
2) It is not necessary to lower the temperature in the refrigerator to the lowest point. For storing ordinary products, + 7 C is enough; for the freezer, -18 C is enough.
3) If possible, it is best to install the refrigerator away from radiators, even in an unheated room.
2.5 Tips for thrifty people
Cooking food
1.Cook food over low heat
Most cooking operations do not require high heat. Typically, you just need to bring the liquid to a boil and then finish cooking the food over low heat. Use the residual heat from the burners: turn off the stove a little before the food is ready.
2. Use cookware with a bottom that is equal to or slightly larger than the diameter of the electric stove burner
An electric stove is the most wasteful of household electrical appliances. If a TV consumes about 300 kW/h per year, a refrigerator approximately 450 kW/h, then an electric stove consumes more than 1000 kW/h.
Therefore, proper handling of an electric stove is one of the main ways to save energy.
Cover the cookware on the stove with a lid. This way you also save when preparing food.
Dishes with an uneven bottom can lead to excessive energy consumption of up to 40-60%.
3.Clean the kettle from scale
To use energy wisely, when boiling a kettle, you should pour only as much water as you need right now.
Scale in a kettle conducts heat almost thirty times worse than metal, so it significantly increases the amount of energy needed to boil water.
Washing dishes.
It is not at all necessary to wash plates under running water. In Europe, they usually clear the plates of leftover food and collect them in the sink. Then close the drain with a stopper, fill the sink with water, add detergent and wash the plates, as well as cups, spoons, forks, and knives. Then rinse it all in a separate bowl with clean water. Water savings - 3-5 times.
Shower instead of bath.
One of the ancient philosophers remarked: “we eat in order to live, and we do not live in order to eat.” The same applies to various washing procedures. In order to wash yourself, it is not at all necessary to take a bath. Enough to take a shower. When taking a shower, an average of 5-7 times less water is consumed than when taking a bath. In order to reduce water consumption to a minimum, you can remember simple rules for taking a shower. Stand in the shower for 20-30 seconds, turn off the water, lather yourself, then turn on the water and rinse off the soap for 30-40 seconds.
If you follow these simple tips, you can save more than 20% of electricity per month, but not many people know about this. During the work, a survey was conducted among 11th grade students, which showed that 75% of those who took part in the survey did not know the basics of saving energy. However, every self-respecting person should be able to be economical.
2. Practical part
Since we use most of the energy to heat water, I decided to conduct a series of measurements to determine the efficiency of different heating devices and the price of energy expended. For the experiment, I took 1 liter of water and heated this amount of water using a gas stove, electric kettle and boiler to boiling temperature. The formulas of the 8th grade physics course allow you to determine with great accuracy all the parameters of a given thermal process.
The amount of heat required to heat 1 kg (liter) of water to boiling point
Initial water temperature: t 1 = 18 °C,
Boiling point of water: t 2 = 100 °C,
Mass of water: m in = 1kg
Specific heat capacity of water: c = 4200 J/kg
Quantity of heat
Q = c m (t 2 - t 1)
Q = 4200 1 (100-18) = 344400 J
21.1 Calculations for heating water with an electric kettle
Finding the real power of an electric kettle
Electric kettle factory power: P = 2000 W,
Circuit current: I = 9 A
Voltage: U = 220 V
Real power:
P = I U
P = 220 V 9 A = 1980 W
The amount of heat released by the kettle spiral
Heating time t = 255 s.
Electric kettle power P = 1980 W
Quantity of heat:
Q = P t,
Q = 1980W ·225 s = 445500 J
Finding the efficiency of an electric kettle
Q z = 445500 J
Useful amount of energy:
Q p =344400 J
Finding the efficiency of the electric kettle:
η = (344400 /445500) 100% = 77.3%
Finding the price of consumed electricity (for a kettle)
1 kWh = 3,600,000 J
1 kWh = 1.97 rub.
445500 J - 0.12375 kWh
Price = Tariff Current work
Price = 1.97 rub. · 0.12375 kWh = 0.2438 rub.
2.2 Calculations for heating water with a boiler
The amount of heat released by the boiler coil
Heating time t = 440c
Boiler power P = 1000W
Quantity of heat:
Q = P t
Q = 1000 W 440 s = 440000 J
Finding the boiler efficiency
Amount of heat expended:
Qз = 440000J
Useful amount of energy:
Qp = 344400J
We find the efficiency of the boiler:
η = (344400/440000) 100% = 78.2%
Finding the price of consumed electricity (for a boiler)
1 kWh = 3,600,000 J
1 kWh - 1.97 rub.
1.35 rub. = 3,600,000 J
440000 J - 0.1222 kWh
Price = Tariff Current work
Price = 1.97 rub. · 0.1222 kWh = 0.24734 rub
Characteristics of natural gas
Volume of burned gas:
V gas = 0.0181 m 3
Specific heat of combustion of natural gas
q = 4.4 10 7 J/kg
Gas Density:
ρ = 0.85 kg/m 3
2.3 Calculations for heating water with a gas stove
Finding the amount of heat released by gas combustion
Find the mass of burned gas:
m = V ρ
m = 0.0181 m 3 0.85 kg/m 3 = 0.01235 kg
Specific heat of combustion of gas
q = 4.4 10 7 J/kg
Amount of heat released by gas:
Q = m q
Q = 0.01235 kg 4.4 10 7 J/kg = 543400 J
Finding the efficiency of a gas stove
Amount of heat expended:
Q z = 543400 J
Useful amount of energy:
Q p = 386400 J
Finding the efficiency of the electric kettle:
η = (386400/543400) 100% = 71%
Finding the price of burned gas
Price = Tariff Gas volume
Price = 4.5 rub · 0.0181 m 3
Price = 0.08145 rub.
CONCLUSIONS:
From my calculations it follows that gas energy is about 3 times more profitable than electricity.
Benefit = Price of electricity / price of fuel energy (gas) = 24.38 / 8.15 = 3 times.
This is despite the fact that many people believe that electricity is a more economical solution for their lives. It seems to me that every self-respecting person should know this information. Paying three times more for electricity in our difficult times is not practical. Therefore, to save your finances you need to:
Avoid using an electric kettle
Use gas water heaters
Instead of a microwave oven, use a gas stove oven
Use economy-class appliances in your home.
IV. Application
to research
work
“Learning to live economically”
- photos
- questionnaire
- tables
Rymkevich Collection of problems in physics (tables)
At the beginning lo studies by Kone c research
research process
Municipal educational institution Lyceum No. 4, Dankova
Section title: Physics
Job title:
Ways to save energy
Papst Liliya Alexandrovna
11th grade
Head: Mokrysheva Svetlana Yurievna
Position: physics teacher
Dankov 2011
Mastering specific knowledge of energy-saving technologies,
necessary to solve the problem of electricity shortages;
Increasing the level of energy consumption culture.
2. Tasks:
Consider traditional and non-traditional methods of generating electricity;
Develop and propose your own options for solving the problem of energy saving;
Share the results of your research with people around you.
3. Hypothesis:
ways to save electrical energy are very diverse: from the most
simple, carried out at the everyday level, to more complex, at the level
industrial production. Bringing our household appliances up to date
level in terms of energy consumption, use of improvised means
will help us save electrical energy.
Introduction
It is impossible to talk about ways to solve the problem of energy saving without addressing
to history. Briefly, the history of energy consumption can be summarized as follows: humanity began
from the careful use of renewable energy sources, but gradually moved to
reckless use of non-renewable sources.
The entire history of energy consumption proves that as living standards increase,
the amount of energy a person needs.
Any activity, regardless of its nature, involves the use of energy.
But the consumption of all types of energy resources is growing rapidly. What will happen
Nowadays. They cannot but interest any sane person and
require everyone's close attention, study and solutions.
When assessing their reserves, it is important to distinguish between two large groups of resources - non-renewable
and renewable. The former are practically not replenished, and their number is steadily
decreases with use. This includes mineral and land resources.
Renewable resources are either capable of self-reproduction or continuously
come to the Earth from the outside, or, being in a continuous cycle, can
be reused. Of course, renewable resources, like non-renewable ones, are not
are infinite, but their renewable part can be constantly used.
Main energy sources
1. Thermal power plants
About 75% of all Russian electricity is produced at thermal power plants
The efficiency of thermal power plants reaches 40%. Most of the energy is lost
together with hot treated steam
2. Hydroelectric power plants
They should be built on deep rivers, an example of this type of stations is on
the high-water river is served by the Bratsk hydroelectric power station on the Angara River
The most important feature of hydropower resources compared to fuel
energy resources – their continuous renewal
3. Nuclear power plants
are the most modern type of power plants, have a number of significant
advantages: under normal operating conditions they do not pollute
environment, do not require connection to a source of raw materials
There are practically no significant shortcomings under normal operating conditions.
Non-traditional energy sources
1. Wind energy
2. Geothermal energy
3. Ocean thermal energy
4. Energy of ebbs and flows
5. Energy of sea currents
6. Solar energy
7. Hydrogen energy
To make our life better, we should learn to save. Saving
resources is not a renunciation of comfort, but, on the contrary, energy saving goals (including
state) is the provision of necessary living conditions for the entire population.
Nowadays, we spend a lot of electricity and don’t even think about it.
this. I calculated the amount of electricity I consumed per month, for this I did not
I used the meters installed in each apartment and simply wrote down the power
devices located in it, and calculated approximately how long they
are working. Of course, it turned out that my calculations were not entirely correct. AND
the error was quite large. Then I thought, can a person really
estimate how much electricity he uses per month?
We never think about how much electricity a TV, computer,
washing machine, vacuum cleaner, and even light bulbs. When I made the calculations, I
really surprised. It turned out that all the electricity consumed can be
would be divided into 4 approximately equal parts. About 25% is consumed by the computer,
the other 25% is the refrigerator, oddly enough, 25% consumes all the light bulbs, and the remaining
25% falls on all other devices. Well, how can it be, my mother always told me
childhood: “Turn off the TV, we already pay a lot for electricity.” I think more than once you
heard this too. But even an ordinary light bulb consumes more
electricity than our favorite TV.
Then I decided to conduct an experiment. I use a straightener very often, and of course
He’s not the only one I have. It turned out that my rectifiers have different power,
Moreover, the power of one is almost 2 times greater than the other. I decided to time them
work. It turned out that with a lower power straightener, I was able to straighten my hair
in 1.5 hours, and for others, in 1 hour. Half an hour is, of course, not a short time. What about money? On
how much is the difference? To my surprise, I didn't find it.
I will have to pay the same amount of money for either one or the other straightener. But of course, if you save your time, then buy electrical appliances with higher
power.
What about light bulbs? They consume such a large amount of electricity.
Or maybe replace them with energy-saving light bulbs, well, it’s not for nothing that they were called that
"energy saving".
But they also have pros and cons. The plus is that they work much longer,
than simple light bulbs, but the downside is that they are so expensive. So is it worth paying extra?
this amount of money and when will our costs pay off? This is what I will try to calculate.
An energy-saving light bulb costs about 150 rubles on average and has a power of about
20 W. Let's take an ordinary 100W light bulb and let it burn for about 2
hours a day for the entire month.
A= 0.1*2*30=6 kW*h 1 kW*h = 2.32 rub.
Cost = 6*2.32=13.92 rub.
Energy saving light bulb
A= 0.02*2*30=1.2 rub.
The cost of an energy-saving light bulb will pay for itself in literally 1 year, although its lifespan
services, much more.
It turns out that buying energy-saving light bulbs is really profitable.
Having studied specialized literature, I found out that currently almost all
European equipment has a special Euro sticker with a class designation
energy saving from A to G. Class A is considered the most, and class G is the least
economical devices. The annual electricity consumption per kW/h is also indicated there.
Each energy saving class corresponds to a certain level
energy consumption.
For example, washing machines:
when loading 1 kg of laundry
Class “A” consumes 0.19 kWh of energy;
At “B” - from 0.19 to 0.23 kWh
At “C” - from 0.23 to 0.27 kWh
when loading 5 kg of laundry
For class “A” - up to 0.95 kWh
For “B” - from 0.95 to 1.15 kWh
For “C” - from 1.15 to 1.35 kWh
Refrigerators:
Energy consumption class “B” - consumption 1.26 kWh
Energy consumption class “C” - consumption 1.45 kWh
The lights in school classrooms will be on for at least an hour less. On average the school has 24
Office (not counting utility rooms, gym, dining room, corridors), in
Each one has about 9 light bulbs, so let's see how much we can save.
n = 9
P = 0.2 kW
t = 1 hour
tariff = 2.32 r/(kWh)
cost of electricity?
st = A* tariff
A=n *P *t
A= 9*0.2=1.8 kW*h
st = 1.8 * 2.32 = 4.176 rubles - savings in one office
Let's calculate how much we will save if we turn off the lights in all offices for 1 hour
st = 4.176*24=100r,
what if in a year
st = 26*8*100=20800r
And this is no longer a small amount. This is the amount we will save if we turn off the lights in the lyceum office 1 hour earlier.
Calculation of the cost of electricity in an apartment per month:
Given: Solution
P TV = 0.068 kW A = P *t
t TV = 4*30 h A TV = 0.068*4*30*2=16.32 kW*h
n TV = 2 A speakers =0.005*6*30=1 kW*h
P columns = 0.005 kW A monitor = 0.06 * 6*30 = 13.68 kW*h
t columns = 6*30 h A light bulb 1 =0.075*3*30=6.75 kW*h
P monitor = 0.06 kW A light bulb 2 =0.1*3*30=9 kW*h
t monitor = 6*30 h A system unit =0.1*6*30=18 kW*h
P light bulb 1 = 0.075k W A light bulb 3 = 0.075*1*30=2.25 kWh
t light bulb 1 = 3*30 h A light bulb 4 = 0.1*0.5*30=1.5 kWh
P light bulb 2 = 0.1 kW A light bulb 5 = 0.1*1.5*30=4.5 kW*h
t light bulb 2 = 3*30 h A curling iron = 0.05*0.25*30=0.4 kW*h
P system unit = 0.1 kW A rectifier = 0.055*0.15*30=0.9 kW*h
t system unit = 6*30 h A refrigerator = 0.2*4*30=24 kW*h
P light bulb 3 = 0.075 kW A light bulb 6 = 0.075*0.075 = 9 kW*h
t light bulb 3 = 1*30 h A light bulb 7 =0.075*3*30=6.75 kWh
P light bulb 4 = 0.1 kW A light bulb 8 =0.075*3*30=6.75 kW*h
t light bulb 4 = 0.5*30 h A light bulb 9 =0.075*3*30=6.75 kWh
P light bulb 5 = 0.1 kW A light bulb 10 =0.075*3*30=6.75 kW*h
t light bulb 5 = 1.5*30 h A vacuum cleaner =1.6*0.25 * 30=12 kW*h
P machine = 0.32 kW
t machine = 1*4 h A total = A1+A2+A3 +…+ An
P curling iron = 0.05 kW A total =16.32+1+13.68+6.75+9+18+2.25+
1.5+4.5+0.4+0.9+24+9+6.75+6.75+6.75+6.75+12=147 kWh
t curling iron = 0.25*30 h
P rectifier = 0.055 kW
t rectifier = 0.15*30 h Electricity cost =147.98*2.32=343.3136 r
P refrigerator = 0.2 kW
t refrigerator = 4*30 h
P bulb 5 = 0.075 kW
t light 5 = 4*30 h
P bulb 6 = 0.075 kW
t light 6 = 0.075 h
P bulb 7 = 0.075 kW
t light 7 = 3*30 h
P bulb 8 = 0.075k W
t light bulb 8 = 3*30 h
P bulb 9 = 0.075 W
t light 9 = 3*30 h
P bulb 10 = 0.075 kW
t light bulb 10 = 3*30 h
P vacuum cleaner = 1.6 kW
t vacuum cleaner = 0.25 * 30h
What about the general one?
The cost of electricity is?
Useful tips
Before insulating windows for the winter, you should thoroughly wash the glass. In general this should
do it more often, as this helps save energy on lighting.
For the winter, window frames can be covered with paper. This should be done from the inside
sides and in calm weather. Paper glued with milk holds well.
However, it is better to use special sealing materials. Many of them appeared in
sale, and some are able to work for several years. They are used successfully
for insulation of such fashionable metal doors today.
Leaks from heating or water pipes can be eliminated by applying an eraser to the pipe and
press it with a stick tied to the pipe.
Use pans with a bottom diameter equal to the diameter of the electric stove burners. This
will save energy when cooking. If the bottom of the pan
smaller than the size of the burner, a large amount of electricity is lost during cooking,
going for heating.
Using pressure cookers allows you to save not only cooking time
food, but also electricity.
Make the most of natural light. This is one way to reduce
electricity consumption for artificial lighting.
Always leave and maintain a gap of 5-10 cm between the rear wall of the refrigerator
and the wall of the room.
Proposals for rational use of energy at the Lyceum
1. more rational arrangement of lighting fixtures
2. replacement of existing lamps with energy-saving ones
3. use lighting more wisely
4. use switches with a power regulator in the circuit, and therefore
lighting intensity
5. use a photo relay.
Conclusion
Problems of energy saving and the introduction of new non-energy-intensive technologies are
relevant for our country. Significant savings in spending
electricity is provided by stabilizing the frequency of the electric current. Great losses
electrical energy and due to low-quality or outdated equipment.
But, in general, we just need to start with some savings, and we can not only
save your money but also save electricity.
Bibliography:
Physics 8th grade, Peryshkin. Gutnik.
Internet resources.
Application
diagram of electricity consumption in the apartment
Department of Education of the Stolbtsy District Executive Committee
State educational institution
"Secondary school No. 2 in Stolbtsy"
Research
How to learn to save using energy-saving lamps
Completed:
Demyanko Evgeniy Pavlovich,
student 8 "A" class
Supervisor:
Naidenovic
Elena Alexandrovna,
Physics teacher
Columns 2 012
Table of contents
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Chapter 1. Energy-saving lamps………………………………………………………...5
1.1.Design and main characteristics……………………….5
1.1.1.Design of energy-saving lamps…………………. 5
1.1.2.Main characteristics of energy-saving lamps..6
1.2. Advantages and disadvantages of energy-saving lamps......8
1.2.1.Advantages of energy-saving lamps……………...8
1.2.2. Disadvantages of energy-saving lamps………………….9
Chapter 2. Calculation of energy savings using energy-saving lamps………………………………………………….10
2.1. Calculation of electricity costs using conventional incandescent lamps……………………………………………………….10
2.2. Calculation of electricity costs using energy-saving lamps………………………………………………….12
2.3. Determining the payback period for energy-saving lamps…………………………………………………………………………………14
2.4. Economic and environmental benefits of energy saving...19
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………20
List of sources used…………………………………….21
Appendix 1………………………………………………………………………………22
Appendix 2……………………………………………………………23
Appendix 3 ………………………………………………………………2 4
Introduction
No type of energy is as costly as its lack.
Homi Baba
Energy plays an important role in the development of society. The growth of the world's population from 6.5 billion people today to an estimated 8.7 billion by 2050 will be accompanied by an annual increase in energy demand of 1.7%.
Therefore, modern society is faced with a very serious question: what kind of energy will the future be? Energy based on the use of hydrocarbons has largely exhausted itself. Hydrocarbon reserves are continuously declining, and their use as an energy source worsens the environmental situation on the planet. To avoid further climate change and pollution caused by the energy sector, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.
Over the course of a year, 5 billion carbon dioxide emissions alone are released into the atmosphere. tons As a result, the ozone layer becomes thinner and ozone holes appear. Ultraviolet rays rush into these holes, which cause cancer in people. There is less and less oxygen on Earth, and more and more exhaust gases.
In solving such global problems as preventing a global environmental catastrophe, no one person can do everything, but everyone can do at least something.
Second half of the twentieth century. was marked by the emergence and rapid development of a fundamentally new source of energy and the introduction of nuclear technologies into the life of human society. Nuclear power plants generate approximately 20% of all electricity in the world. In France, for example, the share of nuclear energy is quite large - about 80%.
An extremely important circumstance is that nuclear energy does not consume oxygen and during normal operation has a negligible amount of emissions. Obviously, nuclear energy production is one of the most environmentally friendly technologies.
Thus, the world is currently experiencing a so-called “nuclear energy renaissance.”
Belarus also does not lag behind the world community in matters of profitable and environmentally friendly ways to obtain energy. In conditions of an acute shortage of organic energy resources, nuclear energy can be considered in Belarus as a real alternative. A decision has been made to build a nuclear power plant and preparatory work is underway. But whether the future nuclear power plant will bring us so much benefit, time will tell...
However, while scientists around the world and, in particular, in our country are trying to find a way to spend a little money and get a lot of energy, we, ordinary consumers, must find our own way to help not only the energy sector, but also ourselves. After all, every owner is akin to the Minister of Finance: he must skillfully manage the family budget, and it wouldn’t hurt to save money. Many families prefer using energy-saving light bulbs over regular light bulbs. But are such light bulbs profitable, since their cost is much higher than the cost of conventional light bulbs? Will they pay for themselves before they fail? I decided to find answers to these questions using a calculation method. In the end, I want to give an objective assessment, based on the calculation results, of the use of energy-saving light bulbs.
Chapter 1. Energy saving lamps
Device and main characteristics
Installation of energy-saving lamps
With the modern growth of interest in energy-saving technologies, energy-saving lamps or CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps) are beginning to gain great popularity. Conventional incandescent lamps have served humanity well and are now giving way to more advanced developments.
To understand what additional features incandescent lamps have, you need to have an idea of their structure. Any energy-saving lamp, as a rule, consists of three main elements: a base, an electronic unit and a fluorescent lamp.
The socket is a component that allows you to connect the lamp to the electrical network.
An electronic unit is a ballast mechanism that, by converting the mains voltage into the voltage necessary for the operation of a fluorescent lamp, ensures the ignition of the fluorescent lamp and maintains its further combustion. Thanks to the electronic unit, the energy-saving lamp lights up and shines without the flickering characteristic of traditional fluorescent lamps.
A fluorescent lamp is a glass bulb filled with argon and mercury vapor, the walls of which are coated with a phosphor composition. When high voltage is applied inside a lamp of this kind, intense movement of electrons begins. When they collide with mercury atoms, ultraviolet radiation, invisible to the eye, is formed, which in turn, passing through the phosphor coating, is converted into light in the visible spectrum.
1.1.2. Main characteristics of energy-saving lamps
Supply voltage is the electrical network voltage required for ignition and stable operation of the lamp. Measured in volts (V).
Power is the electrical power consumed by the lamp. The unit of measurement for the power of a lighting fixture is watt (W).
Luminous flux is one of the most important indicators of the effectiveness of light action. The power of radiation in itself does not guarantee the brightness of the light: ultraviolet or infrared radiation, no matter how powerful it is, is not perceived by the human eye. The strength of the luminous flux is defined as the ratio of the radiation power to its spectral composition. Measured in lumens (lm).
Luminous efficiency is a key parameter for the efficiency of a light source from an energy saving point of view. It shows how much light a particular lamp produces for each watt of energy expended on it. Luminous output is measured in lm/W. The maximum possible output is 683 lm/W and theoretically can only exist from a source that converts energy into light without loss. The luminous efficiency of incandescent lamps is only 10-15 lm/W, while fluorescent lamps are already approaching 100 lm/W.
Illumination level is a parameter that determines how illuminated a particular surface is by a given light source. It depends on the power of the light flux, on the distance of the light source to the illuminated surface, on the reflective properties of this surface and a number of other factors. The unit of measurement is lux (lx). This value is defined as the ratio of a luminous flux with a power of 1 lm to an illuminated surface with an area of 1 sq.m. In other words, 1 lux = 1lm/sq.m. The acceptable level of illumination of a working surface for a person according to Russian standards is 200 lux, and according to European standards it reaches 800 lux.
Color temperature is the most important qualitative parameter that determines the degree of naturalness (whiteness) of the light emitted by the lamp. Measured on the Kelvin (K) temperature scale. Color temperature can be roughly divided into warm white (less than 3000 K), neutral white (3000 to 5000 K) and daylight white (more than 5000 K). In residential interiors, warm-colored lamps are usually used to promote rest and relaxation, while in office and industrial interiors, cooler lamps are appropriate. The most natural, and therefore comfortable for humans, color temperature lies in the range of 2800-3500 K.
Color rendering index is a relative value that determines how naturally the colors of objects are reproduced in the light of a particular lamp. The color rendering properties of lamps depend on the nature of their emission spectrum. The color rendering index (Ra) of the reference light source (i.e., ideally conveying the color of objects) is taken as 100. The lower this index is for a lamp, the worse its color rendering properties. The color rendering range comfortable for human vision is 80-100 Ra.
Operational characteristics - the most important parameters of the efficiency of various types of lamps also include the average service life, switching speed and guaranteed number of switchings, design features (fittings used, detachable/one-piece design, compatibility with different types of sockets, dimensions and design of the product). Operating costs depend on these characteristics, which, together with the selling price, determine the level of profitability of the lamp.
Size. Energy-saving lamps come in two main forms: U-shaped and spiral. There is no difference in the operating principle of these types of lamps, the differences are only in size. U-shaped lamps are easy to manufacture, cheaper than spiral lamps, but slightly larger in size. When purchasing such lamps, you should determine in advance whether the selected U-shaped energy-saving lamp will fit into your chandelier, sconce or lamp. Spiral-shaped lamps are more difficult to produce, they are slightly more expensive than U-shaped lamps, but they have the traditional dimensions of incandescent light bulbs, and as a result they are suitable for all lighting devices that previously used incandescent light bulbs.
Base type. Energy-saving lamps, like traditional incandescent light bulbs, have different types of bases. Most lighting fixtures are designed for E27 socket. But there are also devices that have an E14 base. If a large incandescent light bulb was screwed into your chandelier, then this is an E27 base. If you have a lamp with a small or medium incandescent bulb, then this may be an E14 base.
Manufacturers write all the mentioned characteristics of energy-saving lamps on the packaging. For example, the inscription ESS-02A 20W E27 6400K on the packaging of a DeLux light bulb means that the lamp has a power of 20 W, with a large base (E27), and emits cool white light (6400K).
Advantages and disadvantages of energy-saving lamps
1.2.1. Advantages of energy saving lamps
Energy saving. The efficiency of an energy-saving lamp is very high and the luminous efficiency is approximately 5 times greater than that of a traditional incandescent light bulb. For example, a 20 W energy-saving light bulb produces a luminous flux equal to that of a conventional 100 W incandescent lamp. Thanks to this ratio, energy-saving lamps allow you to save 80% without losing the room illumination that you are used to. Moreover, during long-term operation from a conventional incandescent light bulb, the luminous flux decreases over time due to the burnout of the tungsten filament, and it illuminates the room worse, while energy-saving lamps do not have such a drawback.
Long service life. Compared to traditional incandescent lamps, energy-saving lamps last several times longer. Conventional incandescent light bulbs fail due to the tungsten filament burning out. Energy-saving lamps, having a different design and a fundamentally different operating principle, last much longer than incandescent lamps, on average 5-15 times. This is approximately from 5 to 12 thousand hours of lamp operation (usually the lamp operating life is determined by the manufacturer and indicated on the packaging). Due to the fact that energy-saving lamps last a long time and do not require frequent replacement, they are very convenient to use in places where the process of replacing light bulbs is difficult, for example, in rooms with high ceilings or in chandeliers with complex structures, where to replace the light bulb you have to disassemble the body of the chandelier itself .
Low heat transfer. Due to the high efficiency of energy-saving lamps, all expended electricity is converted into luminous flux, while energy-saving lamps emit very little heat. In some chandeliers and lamps, it is dangerous to use conventional incandescent light bulbs, because they release large amounts of heat and can melt the plastic part of the socket, adjacent wires or the housing itself, which in turn can lead to a fire. Therefore, energy-saving lamps simply must be used in lamps, chandeliers and sconces with limited temperature levels.
Great light output. In a conventional incandescent lamp, light comes only from a tungsten filament. The energy-saving lamp glows over its entire area. Thanks to this, the light from the energy-saving lamp is soft and uniform, more pleasing to the eye and better distributed throughout the room.
Selecting the desired color. Thanks to the different shades of phosphor covering the body of the light bulb, energy-saving lamps have different colors of luminous flux, it can be soft white light, cool white, daylight, etc.;
1.2.2. Disadvantages of energy-saving lamps
High price. The price of an energy-saving light bulb is 10 times more than a regular incandescent light bulb. But an energy-saving light bulb is called energy-saving for a reason. Considering the savings on electricity when using these lamps and their service life, in the end, the use of energy-saving lamps will become more profitable for us and our budget.
Mercury content. An energy-saving lamp is filled with mercury vapor inside. Mercury is considered a dangerous poison. Therefore, it is very dangerous to break such lamps in an apartment or room. You should be very careful when handling them. For the same reason, energy-saving lamps can be classified as environmentally harmful, and therefore they require special disposal, and throwing away such lamps is, in fact, prohibited. But for some reason, when selling energy-saving lamps in a store, sellers do not explain where to put them next.
Warm-up duration. Their warm-up phase lasts up to 2 minutes, which means they will need some time to develop their maximum brightness.
Limited temperature range. Most energy-saving lamps are not designed to operate at temperatures below -15°C.
Chapter 2. Calculation of energy savings using energy-saving lamps
2.1. Calculate energy costs using conventional incandescent lamps
Let's calculate how much money is spent on paying for electricity, taking into account the cost of ordinary light bulbs. Let's look at light bulbs of different wattages:
a) P = 100 W, b) P = 75 W, c) P = 60 W, d) P = 45 W.
a) Given: 10 ordinary light bulbs;
Cost 1 piece. – 28 00 bel. rub.;
P = 100W;
Working hours per day – 6 hours;
Solution
2) 100 W * 6 hours = 600 Wh - this is how much electricity 1 light bulb consumes per day;
3) 600 Wh * 10 = 6 kWh – consume 10 light bulbs per day;
4) 6 kW*h * 30 days = 180 kW*h – this is the amount of energy consumed per month;
5) 180 kWh * 238.5 white. rub. = 42930 bel. rub. – the amount spent on paying for electricity.
Answer: The amount spent on payment is 42930 BYN. rub.
b) Given: 10 ordinary light bulbs;
P = 75W;
Operating period – 30 days;
Working hours per day – 6 hours;
The cost of 1 kWh is 238.5 BYN. rub.
Find: the amount spent on electricity.
Solution
1) 10 * 2800 white rub. = 28000 bel. rub. – cost of 10 light bulbs;
2) 75 W * 6 hours = 450 Wh - this is how much electricity 1 light bulb consumes per day;
3) 450 W*h * 10 = 4.5 kW*h – consume 10 light bulbs per day;
4) 4.5 kW * 30 days = 135 kW*h - this is the amount of energy consumed per month;
5) 135 kWh * 238.5 white. rub. = 32200 bel. rub. – the amount spent on paying for electricity.
Answer: The amount spent on payment is 32,200 BYN. rub.
The cost of 10 light bulbs is 28,000 BYN. rub.
c) Given: 10 ordinary light bulbs;
Cost 1 piece. – 2800 bel. rub.;
P = 60W;
Operating period – 30 days;
Working hours per day – 6 hours;
The cost of 1 kWh is 238.5 BYN. rub.
Find: the amount spent on electricity.
Solution
1) 10 * 2800 white rub. = 28000 bel. rub. – cost of 10 light bulbs;
2) 60 W * 6 h = 360 Wh - this is how much electricity 1 light bulb consumes per day;
3) 360 Wh * 10 = 3.6 kWh – consume 10 light bulbs per day;
4) 3.6 kW * 30 days = 108 kW*h - this is the amount of energy consumed per month;
5) 108 kWh * 238.5 white. rub. = 25760 bel. rub. – the amount spent on paying for electricity.
Answer: The amount spent on payment is 25,760 rubles. rub.
The cost of 10 light bulbs is 28,000 BYN. rub.
d) Given: 10 ordinary. light bulbs;
Cost 1 piece. – 2800 bel. rub.;
P = 45W;
Operating period – 30 days;
Working hours per day – 6 hours;
The cost of 1 kWh is 238.5 BYN. rub.
Find: the amount spent on electricity.
Solution
1) 10 * 2800 white rub. = 28,000 rub. – cost of 10 light bulbs;
2) 45 W * 6 hours = 270 Wh - this is how much electricity 1 light bulb consumes per day;
3) 270 W*h * 10 = 2.7 kW*h – consume 10 light bulbs per day;
4) 2.7 kW * 30 days = 81 kW*h - this is the amount of energy consumed per month;
5) 81 kWh * 238.5 white. rub. = 19320 bel. rub. – the amount spent on paying for electricity.
Answer: The amount spent on payment is 19320 rubles. rub.
The cost of 10 light bulbs is 28,000 BYN. rub.
Of course, the data I took is average (I mean the cost of the light bulb, the period of operation, and the operating time per day), but I took them based on my family.
2.2. Calculation of energy costs using energy-saving lamps
Let's calculate how much money is spent on paying for electricity, taking into account the cost of energy-saving light bulbs, which provide the same illumination as conventional ones, but consume less electricity:
a) Energy saving P = 20 W - a regular light bulb P = 100 W.
b) Energy saving P = 15 W - regular light bulb P = 75 W.
c) Energy saving P = 12 W - regular light bulb P = 60 W.
d) Energy-saving P = 9 W - regular light bulb P = 45 W.
Cost 1 piece. – 25000 bel. rub.;
P = 20 W;
Operating period – 30 days;
Working hours per day – 6 hours;
The cost of 1 kWh is 238.5 BYN. rub.
Find: the amount spent on electricity.
Solution
1) 10 * 25000 white. rub. = 250000 bel. rub. – cost of 10 light bulbs;
2) 20 W * 6 h = 120 Wh - consumes 1 light bulb per day;
3) 120 W * 30 days = 3.6 kWh – consumes 1 light bulb per month;
4) 3.6 kW*h * 10 = 36 kW*h – consume 10 light bulbs per month;
5) 36 kW * 238.5 bel. rub. = 8590 bel. rub. - the amount spent on paying for electricity.
Answer: The amount spent on paying for electricity is 8590 BYN. rub. The cost of 10 light bulbs is 250,000 BYN. rub.
Given: 10 energy-saving light bulbs;
Cost 1 piece. – 24000 bel. rub.;
P =18 W;
Operating period – 30 days;
Working hours per day – 6 hours;
The cost of 1 kWh is 238.5 BYN. rub.
Find: the amount spent on electricity.
Solution
1) 10 * 24000 white. rub. = 240000 bel. rub. – cost of 10 light bulbs;
2) 15 W * 6 h = 90 Wh - consumes 1 light bulb per day;
3) 90 W * 30 days = 2.7 kW – consumes 1 light bulb per month;
4) 2.7 kW * 10 = 27 kW*h – consume 10 light bulbs per month;
5) 27 kWh * 238.5 white. rub. = 6430 bel. rub. - the amount spent on paying for electricity.
Answer: The amount spent on paying for electricity is 6430 BYN. rub. The cost of 10 light bulbs is 240,000 BYN. rub.
Given: 10 energy-saving light bulbs;
Cost 1 piece. – 22000 bel. rub.;
P = 15 W;
Operating period – 30 days;
Working hours per day – 6 hours;
The cost of 1 kWh is 238.5 BYN. rub.
Find: the amount spent on electricity.
Solution
1) 10 * 22000 white rub. = 220000 bel. rub. – cost of 10 light bulbs;
2) 12 W * 6 h = 72 Wh - consumes 1 light bulb per day;
3) 72 W * 30 days = 2.16 kWh – consumes 1 light bulb per month;
4) 2.16 kW * h * 10 = 21.6 kW * h – consume 10 light bulbs per month;
5) 27 kW *h* 238.5 bel. rub. = 5160bel. rub. - the amount spent on paying for electricity.
Answer: The amount spent on paying for electricity is 5160 BYN. rub. The cost of 10 light bulbs is 220,000 BYN. rub.
Given: 10 energy-saving light bulbs;
Cost 1 piece. – 20,000 bel. rub.;
P = 10 W;
Operating period – 30 days;
Working hours per day – 6 hours;
The cost of 1 kWh is 238.5 BYN. rub.
Find: the amount spent on electricity.
Solution
1) 10 * 20000 bel. rub. = 200000 bel. rub. – cost of 10 light bulbs;
2) 9 W * 6 h = 54 Wh - consumes 1 light bulb per day;
3) 54 W * 30 days = 1.62 kWh – consumes 1 light bulb per month;
4) 1.62 kW*h * 10 = 16.2 kW*h – consume 10 light bulbs per month;
5) 16.2 kWh * 238.5 white. rub. = 3860 bel. rub. - the amount spent on paying for electricity.
Answer: The amount spent on paying for electricity is 3860 BYN. rub. The cost of 10 light bulbs is 200,000 BYN. rub.
Obviously, the amount of energy consumed is less, and therefore the cost of services per month is much less than with conventional light bulbs. But their cost is quite high. Will they be worth their cost? If yes, then when?
2.3. Determining the payback period for energy-saving lamps
We will determine how long it will take for the light bulbs to pay back their cost and answer the question of whether their use is profitable.
a) Regular light bulb P = 100 W - energy-saving light bulb P = 20 W.
The amount spent on payment for one month when using conventional light bulbs is 42930 bel. rub. The cost of 10 light bulbs is 28,000 BYN. rub.
The amount spent on paying for electricity for one month when using energy-saving light bulbs is 8590 BYN. rub. The cost of 10 light bulbs is 250,000 BYN. rub.
250000 Bel. rub. – 28000 bel. rub. = 222000 bel. rub.
42930 bel. rub. - 8590 bel. rub. = 3430 bel. rub.
Therefore, 222,000 bel. rub. / 34340 bel. rub. = 6.5
This means that in approximately 6.5 months the cost of an energy-saving light bulb pays off and we begin to save 34,340 BYN for each subsequent month. rub.
34340 bel. rub. * 12 months = 412080 BYN. rub.
b) Regular light bulb P = 75 W - energy-saving light bulb P = 15 W.
The amount spent on payment for one month when using conventional light bulbs is 32,200 BYN. rub. The cost of 10 light bulbs is 28,000 BYN. rub.
The amount spent on paying for electricity for one month when using energy-saving light bulbs is 6440 BYN. rub. The cost of 10 light bulbs is 240,000 BYN. rub.
When purchasing energy-saving light bulbs, we overpay:
240000 Bel. rub. – 28000 bel. rub. = 212000 bel. rub.
When using conventional light bulbs, we overpay:
32200 bel. rub. - 6440 bel. rub. = 25760 bel. rub.
Therefore, 212,000 bel. rub. / 25760 bel. rub. = 8.2
This means that in approximately 8.2 months the cost of an energy-saving light bulb pays off and we begin to save 25,760 BYN for each subsequent month. rub.
Let's calculate our savings over 12 months:
25760 bel. rub. * 12 months = 309120 BYN. rub.
c) Regular light bulb P = 60 W - energy-saving light bulb P = 12 W.
The amount spent on payment for one month when using conventional light bulbs is 25,760 BYN. rub. The cost of 10 light bulbs is 28,000 BYN. rub.
The amount spent on paying for electricity for one month when using energy-saving light bulbs is 5160 BYN. rub. The cost of 10 light bulbs is 220,000 BYN. rub.
When purchasing energy-saving light bulbs, we overpay:
220000 Bel. rub. – 28000 bel. rub. = 192000 bel. rub.
When using conventional light bulbs, we overpay:
25760 bel. RUB - 5160 BYN rub. = 20600 bel. rub.
Therefore, 192,000 bel. rub. / 20600 bel. rub. = 9.3
This means that in approximately 9.3 months the cost of an energy-saving light bulb pays off and we begin to save 20,600 BYN for each subsequent month. rub.
Let's calculate our savings over 12 months:
20600 bel. rub. * 12 months = 247200 BYN. rub.
d) Regular light bulb P = 45 W - energy-saving light bulb P = 9 W.
The amount spent on payment for one month when using conventional light bulbs is 19,320 BYN. rub. The cost of 10 light bulbs is 28,000 BYN. rub.
The amount spent on paying for electricity for one month when using energy-saving light bulbs is 3860 BYN. rub. The cost of 10 light bulbs is 200,000 BYN. rub.
When purchasing energy-saving light bulbs, we overpay:
200,000 Bel. rub. – 28000 bel. rub. = 172000 bel. rub.
When using conventional light bulbs, we overpay:
19320 bel. RUB - 3860 BYN rub. = 15460 bel. rub.
Therefore, 172,000 bel. rub. / 15460 bel. rub. = 11.1
This means that in approximately 11.1 months the cost of an energy-saving light bulb pays off and we begin to save 15,460 BYN for each subsequent month. rub.
Let's calculate our savings over 12 months:
15460 bel. rub. * 12 months = 185520 BYN. rub.
2.4. Economic and environmental benefits of energy saving
For the Republic of Belarus, which does not have significant reserves of hydrocarbon resources, energy saving issues have always been a priority, and in light of the significant increase in world prices for natural gas and oil, they have become especially acute. Therefore, the use of energy-saving lamps at home will help not only save the family budget, but also the budget of our republic.
The use of energy resources causes significant damage to the environment. By using less energy, we reduce environmental pollution.
To clearly demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits of energy saving, let’s convert the saved energy into quantities such as the mass of equivalent fuel and the volume of carbon dioxide.
Many thermal power plants run on natural gas. Knowing the saved energy and the specific heat of combustion of natural gas, you can accurately calculate the amount of fuel saved per 1 kW h:
V=,
where V is the volume of fuel, E is energy, q is the specific heat of combustion of fuel (for natural gas q = 11.4 kW h/m 3).
V=
= 0.088 m3.
Knowing the volume of fuel saved, you can calculate the volume of carbon dioxide released during the combustion of this fuel:
V(carbon dioxide) = V(fuel) * c(specific amount of carbon dioxide), where c =1.2.
V(carbon dioxide) = 0.088 m 3 · 1.2 = 0.1056 m 3.
In addition, the production of 1 kWh of energy in modern installations requires 240 g of standard fuel.
Ratio of 1 kWh of energy to fuel and carbon dioxide:
1 kW h = 240 g of standard fuel = 0.1056 m 3 carbon dioxide.
a) When using an energy-saving lamp with a power of 20 W for 30 days for 6 hours, we save 144 kWh of energy.
= 12 m 3.
Weight of fuel saved m =240g*144 kW*h=34560g =34.5kg.
Volume of carbon dioxide V = 12 m 3 * 1.2 = 14.4 m 3.
b) When using an energy-saving lamp with a power of 15 W for 30 days for 6 hours, we save 108 kWh of energy.
Volume of fuel saved V=
= 9.5 m3.
Weight of fuel saved m =240g*108 kW*h=25920g ≈26kg.
Volume of carbon dioxide V = 9.5 m 3 * 1.2 = 11.4 m 3.
c) When using a 12 W energy-saving lamp for 30 days for 6 hours, we save 86.4 kWh of energy.
Volume of fuel saved V=
= 7.6 m3.
Weight of fuel saved m =240g*86.4 kW*h=20736g ≈21kg.
Volume of carbon dioxide V = 7.6 m 3 * 1.2 = 9.12 m 3.
d) When using a 9 W energy-saving lamp for 30 days for 6 hours, we save 64.8 kWh of energy.
Volume of fuel saved V=
= 5.7 m3.
Weight of fuel saved m =240g*64.8 kW*h=15552g ≈15.5kg.
Volume of carbon dioxide V = 5.7 m 3 * 1.2 = 6.9 m 3.
By saving energy, we prevent carbon dioxide, which is the most dangerous for the environment, from entering the atmosphere.
Conclusion
The topic of energy and its wise use is one of the most relevant for the modern world. Energy conservation plays a key role in ensuring sustainable energy development, because the modern world economy is based on the intensive use of energy resources. But not only modern industrial methods of energy production cause irreparable damage to nature and humans. Much also depends on the ecological culture of the population when consuming energy. Everyone should think about what he, his family, his class, his school, and society as a whole can do to reduce energy consumption and prevent environmental disasters. The answer is simple - save and take care. Today, it is economically and environmentally beneficial for humanity to use energy economically in our common home - on planet Earth. And there is a simple solution for this - energy saving, which will help save energy and preserve nature. The simplest methods of energy saving are available to everyone and can be applied in everyday life. One way is to use energy-saving lamps.
The paper presents the results of energy savings when using energy-saving lamps on average per apartment per month. The self-sufficiency period of the lamps was also determined. Energy saving is not only money saved from the family budget, but also care for those who will live on Earth after us. To clearly demonstrate the environmental benefits of energy conservation, the energy saved was converted into quantities such as the mass of equivalent fuel and the volume of carbon dioxide.
The results of this study can be used in every family in order to save the family budget and save energy.
At the final stage, after the calculations were carried out, a survey was conducted among the teachers of our school. 20 teachers took part in the survey. They were asked to answer the following questions:
1. If you support the abandonment of traditional incandescent lamps and the transition to energy-saving ones, then why?
2. Do you think the problem of energy efficiency of the economy is significant for our country today or not?
The results of the survey are shown in the table.
Question 1.
Saving energy and resources
Save money, pay less for electricity
Incandescent lamps are “morally” outdated, it is necessary to use the achievements of progress
More durable than incandescent lamps, long service life
Other
Question 2.
Increasing the energy efficiency of the Belarusian economy is a top priority and must be addressed immediately
This task is important for our country, but in times of crisis it is better to focus on solving other, more important and pressing problems
Increasing the energy efficiency of the economy is a topic that has nothing to do with the real problems of our country
List of sources used
V.N. Anufriev. Energy and environment. – Minsk: Adukatsiya i vyhavanne, 2010.
I.V. Galuzo, I.N. Potapov. Learning to save and be thrifty. Educational and methodological manual “Energy efficiency: modern energy production”, 8th grade. - Minsk: Aversev, 2008.
I.V. Galuzo, V.A. Baydakov, I.N. Potapov. Learning to save and be thrifty. Educational and methodological manual “Energy efficiency: energy use and savings”, 10th grade. - Minsk: Aversev, 2008.
D.I. Maksimovich. Schoolchildren about the energy of the future. – Minsk: Belarus, 2010.
Annex 1
Saving energy using energy-saving lamps
Lamps
P=100 W
Regular incandescent lamp
P=20 W
Energy saving lamp
Р=75 W
Regular incandescent lamp
P=15 W
Energy saving lamp
Price
10 lamps
28000
250000
28000
240000
180 kWh
36 kWh
135 kWh
27 kWh
42930 bel. rub.
8590 bel. rub.
32200 bel. rub.
6430 bel. rub.
Lamps
P=60 W
Regular incandescent lamp
P=12 W
Energy saving lamp
P=45 W
Regular incandescent lamp
P=9 W
Energy saving
lamp
Price
10 lamps
28000
220000
28000
200000
Amount of electricity consumed per month
108 kWh
21.6 kWh
81 kWh
16.2 kWh
Amount spent on electricity payments per month
25760bel. rub.
5160 bel. rub.
19320 bel. rub.
3860 bel. rub.
Appendix 2
Self-sufficiency period of energy-saving lamps
Energy-saving lamps
P=20 W
P=15 W
P=12 W
P=9 W
Overpayment when purchasing energy saving -
lighting lamps
222000 BYR
212000 BYR
192000 BYR
172000 BYR
Overpayment for electricity when using conventional lamps
34340 BYR
25760 BYR
20600 BYR
15460 BYR
Self-sufficiency period
6.5 months
8.2 months
9.3 months
11.1 months
Appendix 3
Economic and environmental benefits of energy saving
Energy-saving lamps
P=20 W
P=15 W
P=12 W
P=9 W
Energy savings per month
144 kWh
108 kWh
86.4 kWh
64.8 kWh
Amount of fuel saved
12 m 3
9.5 m3
7.6 m 3
5.7 m 3
Weight of fuel saved
34 kg
26 kg
21 kg
15.5 kg
Carbon dioxide volume
14.4 m3
11.4 m3
9.12 m 3
6.84 m 3
Portnyagin Nikolay
Project Manager:
Kolodeznikova Aitalina Gavrilevna
Institution:
MBOU "Myndaba Secondary School"
In the presented research project in mathematics on the topic “Calculate, save,” the student examines and studies the types of electricity meters, single-tariff and multi-tariff meters, determines the electricity consumption of various household appliances, analyzes the household electrical appliances of his home and their electricity consumption.
Currently my research project in mathematics is relevant, as it allows you to understand the calculations and save energy costs, calculate the electricity consumption in a private house at two tariffs, and solve practical problems necessary for the home to calculate the savings in electricity consumed by appliances.
Introduction
What is electricity? Why do you need to save on electricity?
Relevance. Goal and tasks
I. Main part
1.1. Counters. Single-tariff and multi-tariff meters.
1.2. How to calculate electricity consumption
1.3. Electricity consumption of various household appliances.
II. Practical part
2.1. Survey results
2.2. Household electrical appliances in my home
2.3. Calculation of electricity consumption in a private house at two tariffs.
2.4. Practical problems
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
What is electricity?
Why do you need to save on electricity?The word "energy" comes from a Greek word meaning action, activity. Energy is a general quantitative measure of movement and interaction of all types of matter. Energy is a necessary assistant in our lives.
In our country today, the main sources of electricity are nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants and thermal power plants. More than half of the electricity is produced by thermal power plants. Most often, such power plants are located in places where fuel is produced.
Cities can also use combined heat and power plants, which provide the city not only with electricity, but also with hot water and heat. The cheapest electricity is produced by hydroelectric power plants. From the power plant, electricity reaches cities and villages via high-voltage power lines (PTLs). This occurs at a huge voltage of 110–1150 kilovolts. This high voltage necessary so that electric current can travel long distances. But in apartments such high voltage is extremely dangerous, so before electric current enters our house, the voltage must be lowered. Voltage conversion occurs in electrical substations using transformers.
From the electrical substation, the current is transmitted through an underground cable or through wires stretched high above the ground to distribution points, which are located in specially designated rooms (panel rooms). Switchboards are installed in switchboards, which ensure the transmission of electricity to houses and apartments. Distribution from the electrical panel to the floor panels is carried out using special cables. And finally, electricity is supplied from the floor panels to meters in houses or apartments. Electricity travels this long path so quickly that its movement is completely invisible to us.
What does the expression “energy saving” mean? We use incandescent electric lamps for lighting in the house. If we take a thermal power plant, on the way from the primary source of energy (coal, oil, gas) to the light bulb in our house, most of it turns into heat. A thermal power plant converts no more than 40% of the fuel energy into electrical energy, which means 60% of the energy is lost (i.e. turns into heat). From 5 to 10% of electricity is lost in wires and transformer substations.
Finally, electrical energy entered the light bulb. But a regular incandescent lamp converts only 5-10% of consumed electricity into light energy. The rest goes back into the heat. As a result, it turns out that only 2-4% of the primary reserve of chemical energy in fuel is used usefully (i.e. in the form of light energy). The rest goes into the environment in the form of heat.
Efficient use of energy in industry and everyday life, its conservation is the key to improving living standards.
Relevance. Goal and tasks
Relevance
As you know, electricity consumption is growing every year. Due to the constant rise in electricity prices, more and more people are thinking about how to save their money and reduce the costs associated with this vital resource. This paper discusses one of the ways to save on electricity - metering devices. Modern electricity meters: multi-tariff meters should save on electricity costs. Will such a counter really help you save money?
Goal of the work:
- study of modern metering devices as a way to reduce electricity costs.
- drawing up and solving problems related to energy saving.
Tasks:
1. Find out what electricity is, why you need to save?
2. Understand the principle of operation of meters. What is the difference between a single-tariff meter and a multi-tariff meter?
3. Compare the electricity consumption of various household appliances
4. Conduct a survey
5. Practically calculate the energy consumption.
6. Compose and solve practical problems.
I. Main part
Counters. Single-tariff and multi-tariff meters
An electric energy meter or electric meter is a device for measuring the consumption of alternating current electricity, measured in kWh. Must be installed in every apartment, house, garage, etc. The connection point of electrical wires and cables is always sealed on the cover to prevent changes in the connection diagram for the purpose of stealing electricity.
Since ancient times, induction-type meters have been used to record electricity consumption. Currently, electronic electricity meters are used - these are modern electricity metering devices. There are single-tariff and multi-tariff.
The only difference between multi-tariff meters and standard single-tariff electricity meters is that they account for electricity in a differentiated manner.
When using multi-tariff electricity meters, electricity consumption is taken into account not by one figure, but by several.
Depending on what program is included in such a meter, accounting can be carried out at two or three tariffs. Two-tariff electricity meters divide consumed electricity into two time intervals: day and night. Three-tariff ones distinguish the night period, as well as peak and half-peak zones.
Specifics of operation of various multi-tariff electricity meters
The daily tariff on all types of multi-tariff meters is valid from 7 a.m. to 11 p.m. The cost of electricity during this period is almost identical to the usual single-rate tariff. For three-tariff meters, this period of time is also divided into peak and half-peak zones.
Peak zone – two time intervals when electricity consumption reaches its maximum. These times are from 07:00 to 10:00 and from 17:00 to 21:00. Electricity during this period is the most expensive and costs owners of three-tariff meters even more than users of standard single-tariff meters.
The time intervals from 10:00 to 17:00 and from 21:00 to 23:00 are called the half-peak zone. Using electricity during these periods allows owners of three-tariff meters to save about 15% of the money spent on electricity.
Using electricity at night is the most profitable, since electricity tariffs at this time are reduced by almost 4 times compared to daytime.
The main savings begin with electricity consumption at night. It lasts from 23:00 to 07:00, but the cost of one kilowatt of electricity is reduced by almost 4 times compared to the daily or standard single-rate tariff.
Naturally, not everyone will be able to immediately adapt to the operating mode of multi-tariff meters, but redistributing part of the electricity used at night will significantly save money.
How to calculate electricity consumption?
Electricity consumption in residential buildings is subject to significant daily changes. Naturally, at night consumption is minimal - everyone is sleeping. In the morning, consumption increases as people get ready for work. In the evening, consumption increases even more, people come home from work, and it gets dark outside. Such fluctuations in electrical energy consumption cause significant inconvenience to power engineers and force them to have a power reserve to withstand peak consumption.Therefore, the introduction of multi-tariff accounting seems quite reasonable. If you change your life routine in such a way as not to burden electrical network during peak hours, then during low hours it was possible to save.
And everything would have been very simple if the electricity tariff at night was simply lower than during the day. In this case, installing a multi-tariff meter would certainly be beneficial. The payback period in this case would depend on the difference in tariffs, the profile of electricity consumption, the cost of the meter and the work on its installation.
But the day zone tariff in the case of multi-tariff metering is higher than a simple single-rate tariff. Will a multi-tariff meter help you save money?
Let's look at the operation of a two-tariff meter. Such meters divide the day into two zones - “day” and “night”. The day zone usually lasts from 7:00 to 23:00, and the night zone from 23:00 to 7:00. How to calculate the savings from installing such a meter?
Let’s assume that the single-rate tariff is 3 rubles per kWh, the daytime tariff is 3 rubles 30 kopecks per kWh, the night tariff is 1 ruble 80 kopecks per kWh.
It turns out that with two-tariff metering for one daily kW-hour you overpay 30 kopecks compared to a single-rate tariff. But for one night kWh you save 1 ruble 20 kopecks. For equal profitability (more precisely, equal consumption), it is necessary that for one night-time kilowatt there should be no more than 4 daytime ones. With a smaller ratio there will be savings, with a larger ratio there will be overspending.
Thus, the nightly consumption should be 1 / (1 + 4) = 0.2, that is, at least 20% of the total consumption. If you plug in your numbers, this formula will help you figure out your nightly consumption threshold.
For example, in Moscow now the single-rate tariff is 4.50 rubles/kWh, the day zone is 4.53 rubles/kWh, the night zone is 1.16 rubles/kWh. The night consumption threshold is:
1 / (1 + (4.50 - 1.16) / (4.53 - 4.50)) = 0.009 or 0.9%.
The two-part tariff for Moscow residents is certainly beneficial. This small nightly consumption can easily be provided by the refrigerator.
For the Rostov region, where the single-rate tariff is 3.23 rubles/kWh, the day zone tariff is 3.43 rubles/kWh, and the night zone is 2.68 rubles/kWh, the equal consumption threshold is already:
1 / (1 + (3.23 - 2.68) / (3.43 - 3.23)) = 0.27 or 27%.
This calculated threshold for night consumption of 26-31% is typical for almost all regions of Russia. Why? Because according to statistics from energy sales companies, exactly 25-30% of all electricity is consumed at night.
If we take Yakutia, Ust-Aldansky ulus, the single-rate tariff is 3.57 rubles/kW, the night tariff is 2.32 rubles/kW, the daytime tariff is 3.59 rubles/kW. The equal consumption threshold will be:
1 / (1 + (3.57 - 2.32) / (3.59 - 3.57)) = 0.016 or 1.6%.
If you believe this formula, then the transition to a two-rate tariff should be beneficial for residents of the Ust-Aldan ulus.
The most accurate way to find out whether it makes sense to switch to multi-tariff metering is to take meter readings at 7:00 and at 23:00. For a three-rate tariff, this must be done at 7:00, 10:00, 17:00, 21:00 and 23:00. And so on for a month. After this, it will be possible to calculate consumption for all zones and find out the profitability of replacement.
Electricity consumption of various household appliances
Between 30 and 50% of electricity is spent on electrical appliances, so when purchasing consumer electronics, you should pay attention to the energy consumed, compare different models and manufacturers, and choose the least energy-intensive model.
The use of modern energy-saving electrical household appliances allows us to achieve such energy savings that at first it is difficult to believe. Let us refer to the example of Denmark. There, experts calculated how much energy can be saved by simply using the best models of instruments and devices available on the market.
Specifically for the types of electrical household appliances, energy savings are estimated as follows: refrigerators and freezers – up to 80%; washing machines – from 4 to 10 times; TVs – 30 to 50%.
Electric stoves. This is the most energy-intensive household appliance. The stove must be in good working order. Untimely replacement of faulty burners leads to excessive energy consumption by 3-5%.
Most electric stoves are equipped with 4-stage power regulators. As a result, energy is wasted when cooking food. The use of 7-speed switches will reduce energy costs by 5-12%.
Washing machine. Load the washing machine completely. Electricity consumption practically does not depend on how loaded the machine is. Washing with a full machine load saves 15-20 kWh of energy per month.
Iron. Ironing requires relatively little electricity. To save energy, sort things according to material. You need to start with low temperatures; for small items, use residual heat (with the iron turned off).
Fridge- an energy-intensive device. Since refrigerators are constantly connected to the network, they consume the same amount, or even more energy, than electric stoves: 500-1400 kWh per year.
The refrigerator should be placed in the coolest place in the kitchen, preferably near an outside wall, but not close to it. By regularly defrosting and drying your refrigerator, you can make its operation much more economical.
Vacuum cleaner. For efficient operation of the vacuum cleaner, good cleaning of the dust container is of great importance. Filters clogged with dust make it difficult for the vacuum cleaner to work and reduce air draft. Any equipment should be selected based on needs.
Many electronic devices - TVs, computers, etc. have a so-called standby mode. In this mode, a fairly significant amount of electricity is consumed over a month of continuous operation - about 10 kW/h.
II. Practical part
Survey results
In order to find out how much the residents of our village know about saving electricity, a survey of residents of the village of Myndaba was conducted.
Household electrical appliances in my home
The following household electrical appliances are used at my home: household electric stove, refrigerator, iron, washing machine, vacuum cleaner.
Electrical appliances are also used: microwave, TV, computer, laptop and hair dryer.
Calculation of electricity consumption in a private house at two tariffs
In order to find out whether it is worth switching to a multi-tariff electricity meter, it is enough to take meter readings a month 2 times a day (at 7.00 a.m. and 11.00 p.m.). In this way, you can calculate the consumption at daytime and nighttime rates.Tariffs of Ust-Aldan ulus:
Single tariff meter: 3.57 RUR/kW
Two-tariff meter: day - 3.59 rubles/kW night - 2.32 rubles/kW
date | Meter readings | day | night | Total | 3.57 rubles per 1 kW/h | Day 3.59 RUR/kW | Night 2.32 RUR/kW | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
07.00 | 23.00 | |||||||
26.02.2016 | 11050,1 | 11052,8 | 2,7 | 0,7 | 3,4 | 12,138 | 9,693 | 1,624 |
27.02.2016 | 11053,5 | 11055,6 | 2,1 | 0,8 | 2,9 | 10,353 | 7,539 | 1,856 |
28.02.2016 | 11056,4 | 11061,4 | 5 | 0,8 | 5,8 | 20,706 | 17,95 | 1,856 |
29.02.2016 | 11062,2 | 11063,9 | 1,7 | 1,4 | 3,1 | 11,067 | 6,103 | 3,248 |
01.03.2016 | 11065,3 | 11067,1 | 1,8 | 1,8 | 3,6 | 12,852 | 6,462 | 4,176 |
02.03.2016 | 11068,9 | 11070,0 | 1,1 | 1,1 | 2,2 | 7,854 | 3,949 | 2,552 |
03.03.2016 | 11071,1 | 11074,8 | 3,7 | 2,4 | 6,1 | 21,777 | 13,283 | 5,568 |
04.03.2016 | 11077,2 | 11079,5 | 2,3 | 2,3 | 4,6 | 16,422 | 8,257 | 5,336 |
05.03.2016 | 11081,8 | 11084,6 | 2,8 | 1,9 | 4,7 | 16,779 | 10,052 | 4,408 |
06.03.2016 | 11086,5 | 11089,3 | 2,8 | 2,1 | 4,9 | 17,493 | 10,052 | 4,872 |
07.03.2016 | 11091,4 | 11093,7 | 2,3 | 0,8 | 3,1 | 11,067 | 8,257 | 1,856 |
08.03.2016 | 11094,5 | 11097,4 | 2,9 | 2,4 | 5,3 | 18,921 | 10,411 | 5,568 |
09.03.2016 | 11099,8 | 11105,7 | 5,9 | 3,6 | 9,5 | 33,915 | 21,181 | 8,352 |
10.03.2016 | 11109,3 | 11114,6 | 5,3 | 2,5 | 7,8 | 27,846 | 19,027 | 5,8 |
11..03.2016 | 11117,1 | 11119,4 | 2,3 | 3,7 | 6 | 21,42 | 8,257 | 8,584 |
12.03.2016 | 11123,1 | 11126,3 | 3,2 | 3,8 | 7 | 24,99 | 11,488 | 8,816 |
13.03.2016 | 11130,1 | 11133,9 | 3,8 | 2,2 | 6 | 21,42 | 13,642 | 5,104 |
14.03.2016 | 11136,1 | 11140,2 | 4,1 | 2,6 | 6,7 | 23,919 | 14,719 | 6,032 |
15.03.2016 | 11142,8 | 11145,8 | 3 | 1,5 | 4,5 | 16,065 | 10,77 | 3,48 |
16.03.2016 | 11147,3 | 11148 | 0,7 | 1,1 | 1,8 | 6,426 | 2,513 | 2,552 |
17.03.2016 | 11149,1 | 11151,9 | 2,8 | 1,3 | 4,1 | 14,637 | 10,052 | 3,016 |
18.03.2016 | 11153,2 | 11155,3 | 2,1 | 1,8 | 3,9 | 13,923 | 7,539 | 4,176 |
19.03.2016 | 11157,1 | 11159,7 | 2,6 | 1,2 | 3,8 | 13,566 | 9,334 | 2,784 |
20.03.2016 | 11160,9 | 11164,1 | 3,2 | 2,3 | 5,5 | 19,635 | 11,488 | 5,336 |
21.03.2016 | 11166,4 | 11168 | 1,6 | 2,9 | 4,5 | 16,065 | 5,744 | 6,728 |
22.03.2016 | 11170,9 | 11172,1 | 1,2 | 2,5 | 3,7 | 13,209 | 4,308 | 5,8 |
23.03.2016 | 11174,6 | 11176,5 | 1,9 | 2 | 3,9 | 13,923 | 6,821 | 4,64 |
24.03.2016 | 11178,5 | 11182,1 | 3,6 | 1,7 | 5,3 | 18,921 | 12,924 | 3,944 |
25.03.2016 | 11183,8 | 11187,6 | 3,8 | 2,1 | 5,9 | 21,063 | 13,642 | 4,872 |
26.03.2016 | 11189,7 | 11193,4 | 3,7 | 2 | 5,7 | 20,349 | 13,283 | 4,64 |
Total | 518,721 | 308,74 | 137,576 |
So, we took meter readings for one month. If you calculate the monthly consumption using a single-tariff meter, it will be 518.72 rubles. If you calculate the tariff “day”, “night”, then the expense will be 446.32 rubles. The savings per month will be 72.41 rubles. Over the course of a year, we will save 868.92 rubles.
A simple two-tariff meter costs about 1,500 rubles. The payback period for the meter is about two and a half years.
Practical problems related to energy costs
1. From July 1, 2014, electricity charges increased from 2.3 rubles to 2.7 rubles. By what percentage has the electricity bill increased? Round the result to whole numbers.
Solution:
2.7-2.3=0.4 rub.
2,3 – 100%
0.4 – x%
(0,4 100):2,3 = 17,39
x = 17
Answer: by 17%
2. A regular incandescent lamp consumes electricity 100 W/h, and an energy-saving lamp consumes 20 W/h. How many times more economical is an energy-saving lamp than a conventional incandescent lamp? How many rubles will be saved per month if the lamp works 7 hours a day? (Cost of 1 kW 3.57 rubles) Round the result to hundredths.
Solution:
100 7 = 700 W in 7 hours/day is consumed by a regular lamp;
20 7 = 140 W for 7 hours/day is consumed by an energy-saving lamp;
700 30 = 21000W = 21kW;
140 30 = 4200W = 4.2 kW;
21 3,57 - 4,2 3,57 = 59,978
Answer: RUR 59.98
3. The fee for cold water is 81.84 rubles, for hot water - 272.9 rubles per month per person. How many rubles will a family of 4 people pay for water?
Solution:
81.84+272.9 = 354.74 rubles per month fee for one person;
354.74 4 = 1418.96 rubles per month for a family of 4 people.
Answer: RUR 1,418.96
4. How many rubles will we pay for a TV that is turned off using the remote control per year? If the power consumption is 0.006 kW, does it work 5 hours per day? (Cost 1 kW 3.57 rubles). Round the result to a whole number.
Solution:
24-5=19 hours the TV is turned off using the remote control;
19 0.006 = 0.114 kW per day;
0.114 365 = 41.61 kW per year;
41.61 3.57 = 148.547 kW.
Answer: 149 rubles
5. How many times more powerful is an electric kettle (power 2.1 kWh) than a refrigerator (power 0.04 kWh)?
Solution:
2,1: 0,04 = 52,5
Answer: 52.5 times.
6. How much will the family pay per month for electricity if the meter counts 145.3 kW for the month. (Cost 1 kW 3.57 rubles). Round the result to tenths.
Solution:
145,3 3,57 = 518,721
Answer: 518.7 rubles.
Conclusion
As a result of working on this topic, we learned where electricity comes from and why we need to save it. Many residents of our village do not know about the existence of modern metering devices such as a multi-tariff meter.
We learned that modern household appliances consume a huge amount of electricity. Therefore, when purchasing and using at home, we must follow some rules of use that will help significantly save energy.
We considered problems related to utility costs. Our calculations have shown that indeed replacing a conventional single-tariff meter will help save electricity and therefore save us money. But there are several factors that need to be taken into account.
Changing a single-tariff meter to a multi-tariff meter is beneficial only if the house has powerful appliances that operate around the clock or better at night (electric heater and air conditioner, night lighting, machines, pumps). If you work from 8:00 to 17:00, and your apartment does not have a large number of “smart” household appliances that can work according to a given schedule, then you definitely do not need a multi-tariff meter. On the contrary, when you install it, you may even get an increase in your electricity bills.