At the very beginning of the Potsdam Conference, President Truman proposed the creation of a Council of Foreign Ministers of the five Great Powers (including France and China) to deal with peace negotiations and questions of territorial settlement. The proposal was accepted, the meeting of the Council was scheduled for September 1 in London.
British Prime Minister Churchill asserted: “Germany is finished, although we will need some time to clear the dump. The real problem right now is Russia, but I can't get Americans to understand that."
The decisions of the Potsdam Conference had mixed consequences. On the one hand, the spheres of influence were divided between the USSR and the Western powers, on the other hand, the conference drew a line under the six-year period of the Second World War. Nevertheless, although the anti-Hitler coalition was living out its last days and hidden cracks in relations between its members had already been identified, in Potsdam the three powers were able to agree on many issues of the post-war structure.
BERLIN (POTSDAM) CONFERENCE in 1945 of the heads of government of the leading powers of the anti-Hitler coalition: Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR I. V. Stalin, US President G. Truman, British Prime Minister W. Churchill, who was replaced on July 28 by the new Prime Minister C. Attlee. It took place on July 17 - August 2 at the Cecilienhof castle in the city of Potsdam (near Berlin). The conference was also attended by foreign ministers, military advisers and experts.
The main question at the Berlin (Potsdam) conference was the question of Germany. Based on the decisions of the Crimean (Yalta) Conference of 1945 and on the proposals prepared by the European Consultative Commission, the participants of the conference worked out an agreement "Political and economic principles to be followed in dealing with Germany in the initial control period."
They undertook to pursue a concerted policy towards Germany and decided that the supreme power in Germany would be exercised by the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces of the occupying powers, each in his own zone of occupation, and in matters affecting Germany as a whole, by them jointly as members of the Control Council. The goals of the occupation were declared to be the demilitarization, denazification, democratization and decartelization of Germany. It provided for the complete disarmament of Germany, the abolition of its armed forces, the SS, SA, SD, Gestapo - with all headquarters, organizations, institutions, educational institutions, the liquidation of the German military industry or control over it, the destruction or surrender to the allies of all weapons and ammunition of the German army. The Berlin (Potsdam) Conference decided to liquidate the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), its branches, controlled organizations and institutions, to repeal Nazi laws, to prosecute war criminals and all those who participated in the planning and implementation of atrocities, to remove active Nazis from public posts , as well as from responsible positions in private firms. An International Military Tribunal was established to try major war criminals. In order to ensure the democratic development of Germany, it was planned to reorganize the system of education, justice and local government, to allow and support the activities of democratic political parties. As part of solving the task of destroying the German military potential, it was envisaged, along with a ban on the production of weapons, to decentralize the German economy and eliminate its excessive concentration in the form of cartels, syndicates, trusts, and the like. Considering Germany as a single economic and political entity, the participants in the Berlin (Potsdam) conference agreed to establish central German administrative bodies (finance, transport, communications, foreign trade and industry) acting under the leadership of the Control Council. The latter was to be located in Berlin, which came under the joint control of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and France.
The special agreement “Reparations from Germany” determined that the powers would receive reparations from their zones of occupation and at the expense of German investments abroad, and the USSR, in addition to this, would receive 25% of industrial equipment seized from the western zones that was not necessary for the German peaceful economy (of which 15% in exchange for equivalent supplies of coal, food, raw materials and other materials). From its share of reparations, the USSR had to satisfy the reparations claims of Poland. The USSR renounced claims to gold seized in Germany by the Western powers, to the shares of German enterprises in the western zones of occupation, and to German assets in all countries except Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Romania and Eastern Austria. For their part, the United States and Great Britain renounced claims to the shares of German enterprises in the Soviet zone of occupation and to German assets in the above-mentioned countries. The participants of the Berlin (Potsdam) conference decided to divide equally among themselves the surface, naval and merchant fleets of Germany, as well as its submarine fleet (after the destruction of most of it).
The Berlin (Potsdam) Conference decided to transfer the city of Königsberg (since 1946 Kaliningrad) and the surrounding area to the USSR. After a heated discussion, the western border of Poland along the Oder and Western Neisse rivers was determined. Part of East Prussia, not placed under the control of the USSR, and the former free city of Danzig (Gdansk) were also transferred to Poland. The definition of the borders of Poland was reinforced by the decision to evict the German population from its territory (it was also evicted from Hungary and Czechoslovakia).
The Berlin (Potsdam) Conference established the Council of Foreign Ministers of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain, France and China, which was entrusted with the preparation of a peaceful settlement with Germany's former allies (Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland), and after the creation of an all-German government, the preparation peace treaty with Germany.
The participants in the conference condemned the Franco regime in Spain, spoke out on the situation in the countries of Eastern Europe, agreed on the need for the immediate withdrawal of allied troops from Tehran and the study of the question of extending the competence of the provisional Austrian government also to the areas of Austria occupied by the troops of the Western powers.
During the work of the Berlin (Potsdam) conference, H. Truman received information about the successful testing of the atomic bomb in the USA. On July 24, in a conversation with Stalin, trying to put pressure on him, he said that the United States had "weapons of enormous destructive power." Truman's demarche at the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference was the first act of US "atomic diplomacy".
The decisions taken by the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference were of great importance for the post-war peace settlement in Europe, the eradication of German militarism and National Socialism. Despite the departure of the allies during the Cold War from the agreed course, these decisions contributed to the restructuring of the life of the German people on a democratic basis.
Publication: Soviet Union at international conferences during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 M., 1984. T. 6.
Berlin Conference 1945 Berlin conference 1945
(Potsdam Conference) (July 17 - August 2, Potsdam) heads of government of the main powers - victors in World War II: the USSR (JV Stalin), the USA (G. Truman) and Great Britain (W. Churchill, from July 28 to . Attlee). Decided on the demilitarization and denazification of Germany, the destruction of German monopolies, on reparations, on the western border of Poland; confirmed the transfer of the USSR to the city of Königsberg and the area adjacent to it, etc.
BERLIN CONFERENCE 1945BERLIN CONFERENCE 1945 (Potsdam Conference) (July 17 - August 2, Potsdam) of the heads of representative offices of the main powers - the winners in the 2nd World War: the USSR (JV Stalin (cm. STALIN Joseph Vissarionovich)), USA (G. Truman (cm. TRUMAN Harry)) and Great Britain (W. Churchill (cm. CHURCHILL Winston Leonard Spencer), since July 28 C. Attlee (cm. Attlee Clement Richard)). Decided on the demilitarization and denazification of Germany, the destruction of German monopolies, on reparations, on the western border of Poland; confirmed the transfer of the USSR to the city of Konigsberg and the area adjacent to it, etc.
* * *
BERLIN (POTSDAM) CONFERENCE 1945, held from July 17 to August 2 at the Cecilienhof Palace in Potsdam (cm. POTSDAM), near Berlin. The heads of the victorious countries in the Second World War participated - I. V. Stalin (USSR), W. Churchill (after the change of the conservative government in Great Britain by the Labor Party - K. Attlee), G. Truman (USA).
At the very beginning of the Berlin Conference, an American project was approved to create a Council of Foreign Ministers of Great Britain, the USSR, China, France and the USA, that is, five states - permanent members of the UN Security Council (cm. United Nations Security Council).
The German problem occupied a central place in the negotiations. A decision was made on the complete disarmament and demilitarization of Germany, the abolition of all its armed forces, the SS, SA, SD and Gestapo, and the liquidation of the military industry. At the same time, the reconstruction of the political life of Germany on a democratic basis was envisaged. In Potsdam, in contrast to the Crimean (Yalta) conference of 1945 (cm. CRIMEAN CONFERENCE), the question of the dismemberment of Germany was not considered. The decisions of the Berlin Conference stated that the Allied Powers "do not intend to destroy or enslave the German people."
Differences arose when discussing the issue of reparations. However, the USSR and the USA managed to work out a compromise solution, according to which the Soviet Union received reparations from its zone of occupation and from German investments abroad (as well as an additional 25% of industrial equipment from the western zones).
On the question of the Polish-German border, Stalin's proposal (the border along the Oder-Neisse) was accepted, although Churchill strongly opposed the expansion of Poland to the west. Danzig (Gdansk) and most of East Prussia also departed to Poland. Konigsberg (from 1946 Kaliningrad) with the area adjacent to it was transferred to the USSR. Serious tensions arose when discussing the topic of a peaceful settlement with some of Germany's former allies.
The Soviet side reaffirmed its commitment to the participation of the USSR in the war against Japan (the USSR entered the war on August 9, 1945).
The decisions of the Berlin Conference had ambiguous consequences. On the one hand, the division of spheres of influence between the USSR and the Western powers was carried out, on the other hand, the conference drew a line under the six-year period of the world war. Although the anti-Hitler coalition (cm. ANTI-HITLER COALITION) lived out its last days and hidden cracks appeared in the relations between its participants, in Potsdam the three powers were able to agree on many issues of the post-war structure. However, in the future, the cooperation of these powers gave way to the "cold war".
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- (Potsdam Conference) (July 17-August 2, Potsdam) heads of governments of the victorious powers in World War II: the USSR (I.V. Stalin), the USA (H. Truman) and Great Britain (W. Churchill, since July 28, K. Attlee). Decided to demilitarize and ... ... Russian history
Potsdam Conference (July 17 - August 2, Potsdam) of the heads of missions of the main victorious powers in World War II: the USSR (JV Stalin), the USA (H. Truman) and Great Britain (W. Churchill, from July 28 K. Attlee) . Made a decision about... Political science. Dictionary.
Berlin Conference 1945- (Potsdam Conference) (July 17-August 2, Potsdam), heads of government of the main victorious powers in World War II: the USSR (I.V. Stalin), the USA (G. Truman) and Great Britain (W. Churchill, from July 28 K. Attlee). Decided to demilitarize... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
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Berlin Conference 1945- () (,) the heads of government of the main powers of the victors in the Second World War: the USSR (. V. Stalin), the USA (. Truman), Great Britain (. Churchill, since July 28, K. Attlee). Decided on the demilitarization and denazification of Germany, the destruction of German ... Encyclopedic Dictionary "World History"
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1945 (Potsdam Conference) (July 17 - August 2 Potsdam) heads of missions of the main victorious powers in World War II: the USSR (JV Stalin), the USA (G. Truman) and Great Britain (W. Churchill, from July 28 K. Attlee). Made a decision about... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
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The Potsdam (Berlin) conference of the heads of missions of the main powers of the victors in World War II was held from July 17 to August 2, 1945 at the Cecilienhof Palace in Potsdam, a suburb of Berlin. The conference secured the victory of the countries ... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers
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POTSDAM CONFERENCE- - a meeting of the heads of government of the Soviet Union, the United States of America and Great Britain, held in Potsdam (near Berlin) from July 17 to August 2, 1945. P. to. adopted a number of important decisions on post-war settlement, ... ... Soviet legal dictionary
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The meeting in Potsdam was held behind closed doors without the participation of the press. The final minutes of the conference were published in condensed form under the title "Departmental Report on the Berlin Conference of the Three Powers." Formed as a joint communiqué, the communication was a statement of intent rather than a binding international treaty.
The protocol signed by the parties participating in the conference contained the following points Potsdam Agreement (1945) //http://dic.academic.ru:
- - the course of the conference;
- - Establishment of the Council of Foreign Ministers (CMFA);
- - the principles of the post-war occupation of Germany;
- - provisions on reparations;
- – the economic integrity of Germany;
- – disposal of the naval and merchant fleet of Germany;
- - Trial of war criminals;
- - norms on territorial issues and eastern lands (until the final peace settlement with Poland and Austria;
- - the conclusion of peace treaties;
- – management of trusted territories;
- - the resettlement of the remaining German population from Poland and the territories of Germany controlled by it, from Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
results
Political principles
The political principles of the occupation of the German Empire formed the basis for the work of the Allied Control Council, located in Berlin. The principles were called "four D" (sometimes they talk about "five D") The Soviet Union at international conferences ... Document No. 159. Report on the Berlin Conference of the Three Powers. Political and economic principles to be guided by when dealing with Germany in the initial control period. - S. 447 ..
Denazification
The idea of denazification was put forward by the Allies after the victory over Nazi Germany in mid-1945. The Potsdam Agreement provided for the “purification” of German and Austrian societies, culture, press, economy, jurisprudence and politics from any kind of National Socialist influence Potsdam Agreement (1945) // http: //dic.academic.ru.
Since January 1946, the Allied Control Council in Berlin issued several directives on denationalization in relation to Germany, in which certain groups of persons were singled out against whom a judicial investigation was carried out.
Demilitarization
Demilitarization included the dissolution of the army, the elimination of stockpiles of weapons and the complete dismantling of the military-industrial complex of occupied Germany in order to prevent further military threat from her side.
The Potsdam Agreement provided for the demilitarization of Germany. However, during the Cold War, both the FRG and the GDR rearmed.
Democratization
The final transfer of political life in Germany to a democratic basis was envisaged, democratic parties received permission to operate throughout Germany, they were also supported by the Potsdam Agreement (1945)//http://dic.academic.ru.
Freedoms of speech, press and religion were granted, with restrictions necessary to maintain military security.
Control over the system of education and upbringing in Germany was envisaged in order to successfully develop democratic principles.
Decentralization
Decentralization meant the transfer of functions, responsibilities, resources and powers for making political decisions to the middle and lower levels (cities, towns and villages), and in the economic field - the deconcentration of Germany's economic power Ibid..
Dismantling
The historical concept of "dismantling" implies the dismantling of German industrial facilities, in particular, metallurgy and heavy industry. The purpose of the dismantling by the USSR was to eliminate the damage caused by Germany, as well as to weaken Germany by destroying its industrial base and thereby preventing a new aggressive war. In the Western Zones of Occupation, the dismantling policy was soon abandoned in accordance with the Truman Doctrine Ibid..
Decisions on territorial issues
Kaliningrad region
Even before the Potsdam Conference, the Kaliningrad Region, which is now part of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation, was officially included in the USSR by amending the Constitution. In Article VI of the Potsdam Agreement "On the city of Koenigsberg and the area adjacent to it" the Soviet Union at international conferences ... Document No. 159. - P. 447. It is said that the part of the western border of the USSR adjacent to the Baltic Sea runs from a point on the eastern shore of the Danzig Bay, indicated on the attached map to the east - north of Braunsberg - Goldap to the junction of the borders of Lithuania, the Polish Republic and the former Eastern Prussia. US President Truman and the British Prime Minister recorded in the minutes their agreement to provide political and diplomatic support for the final transfer of the territory at the upcoming peace congress.
Poland and the border along the Oder-Neisse
The Potsdam Conference also discussed the issue of Poland's territorial claims. Even before the Potsdam Conference, the Western powers recognized the new government of Poland, created mainly from the participants of the Polish Resistance supported by I. Stalin (led by B. Bierut), which in June 1945 included several members of the Polish government in exile. Poland was turning into a satellite of the USSR, and the level of legitimacy of its government was low. The government's statements formally proclaimed the holding of free democratic elections, and in the near future all Polish emigrants were given the opportunity to return to their homeland, the Soviet Union, at international conferences... Document No. 159. - S. 458 ..
Nysa Lusatia or Nysa Klodzka
Dealing with a fait accompli, the Western allies recognized these territories as Polish until the final settlement of territorial issues at a peace congress. The location of the border between Poland and Germany along the Neisse (Nysa) was also controversial: along the Lusatian or Klodz. There is evidence that the American and British delegations did not assume the existence of the Lusatian Neisse. For some time, the eastern border of Germany was discussed not along the Oder-Neisse, but along the Oder-Bubr, 50 km east of it, which did not suit the governments of Poland and the USSR. In this scenario, the entire eastern Puddle would be in Germany, and the cities of Guben and Görlitz would not be divided by the border. However, in the end, the parties agreed on the border of the Neisse-Lusatian Potsdam Agreement (1945)//http://dic.academic.ru.
After the border line along the Lusatian Neisse was agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference, at least the Oder was to become the border river. But contrary to this agreement, on July 5, 1945, the Soviet Union transferred to Poland the city of Stettin, located west of the Oder, where at that time 84,000 Germans lived. The transfer of Stettin and the mouth of the Oder in the Stettin Bay, fixed in the Potsdam Agreement, was an economic requirement of Poland after receiving the Upper Silesian industrial region. Thus, the Potsdam Agreement only consolidated the already existing situation.
Deportation of the German population
Main article: Deportation of Germans after World War II
The Potsdam Agreement, signed by the USA, the USSR and Great Britain, in Article XIII secured the "legalized deportation of the German population" from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
There were a lot of sharp disputes on many issues at the conference, but on the whole, as a result of the discussion and exchange of views, important positive decisions were made. The list of documents agreed upon and approved at the Potsdam Conference shows that a very wide range of problems was considered and that the decisions taken there could be of great importance for the development of the entire international situation. The Council of Foreign Ministers was established; The meeting participants agreed on political and economic principles for the treatment of Germany in the initial control period; an agreement was reached on reparations from Germany, on the German navy and merchant fleet, on the transfer to the Soviet Union of the city of Koenigsberg and the area adjacent to it, on the trial of war criminals. Statements were agreed on about Austria, Poland, on the conclusion of peace treaties, the admission of new members to the UN, on trust territories, and so on. The official report on the results of the meeting stated that the conference "strengthened the ties between the three governments and expanded the scope of their cooperation and understanding." It was declared that the government and peoples of the three powers - participants in the conference - "together with other united nations will ensure the creation of a just and lasting peace."
Thus, the decisions of the conference completely revised the attitude Western countries and the USSR in relation to Germany. The so-called four "D" policies: Denazification, demilitarization, democratization, decentralization, dismantling completely limited both the internal and external life of Germany. This was done in order to prevent re-aggression.
But besides this, the Potsdam Conference revealed contradictions between the participating countries. A confrontation between the USA and the USSR, an arms race, a bipolar world order began, which subsequently leads to the Cold War.
Chapter III. Significance of the Potsdam Decisions
The Berlin (Potsdam) conference of the leaders of the three allied powers - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain - took place on July 17 - August 2, 1945. Other politicians in the West are trying to downplay the Potsdam meeting, characterizing it as a simple confirmation of the Yalta agreements. Others claim that Potsdam has become simply an arena of confrontation between the victors. All these statements are intended to discredit the Potsdam decisions, to divert from the essence of the issues, to obscure the fact that the principle of mutually acceptable agreement between states with different social systems has again triumphed in Potsdam. Alexander Werth. - P.489..
The most important significance of the Potsdam decisions is that they consolidated the historic victory won by the peoples of the USSR and other countries of the anti-Hitler coalition and outlined a program for a just and lasting peace. Bourgeois propaganda seeks to prove that the peaceful coexistence of different social systems is impossible. Wartime cooperation was, they say, an exception, generated by the presence of a common threat from the fascist "axis". Supporters of this thesis argue that not cooperation, but confrontation is inherent in our "divided" world.
We are talking about a new attempt in one way or another to achieve the elimination of the socialist system in the European East. Hence the attacks on the Potsdam decisions, which reflected the new alignment of forces in Europe in favor of progress and socialism. These decisions convincingly show that the representatives of the United States and Britain then had to recognize the realities that had taken shape by the end of the war and agree to reach a mutually acceptable agreement with the Soviet Union. Some people in the West would like to forget about this now History of the Second World War 1939-1945 V.8. - P.431// http://www.humanities.edu.ru/d/msg/50236..
The situation on the eve of the Potsdam Conference differed in many respects from that which had developed before the previous meeting of the leaders of the three allied powers in the Crimea. The main thing was that the hostilities in Europe were over. The USSR and its allies won the hardest of wars. In this war, the fate of the world's first socialist state was decided, the future of world civilization, progress and democracy was decided. To win, the Soviet people had to bear the brunt of the fighting on their shoulders, to make huge sacrifices. Now the task was to consolidate the victory won at such a high price, to reliably protect the Soviet state, all peace-loving peoples from new encroachments of reactionary forces, to create conditions for ensuring a lasting peace Potsdam Conference / / http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/bse/123135/.
The Soviet Union has adhered to a principled peace-loving policy throughout its history, not excluding the period of war. Proceeding from this line, the USSR sought joint action by the allied powers. The agreements concluded at the conferences of the countries participating in the anti-Hitler coalition in Moscow, Tehran, and Yalta reflected the interests of all parties. They embodied the principle of equality, although the Western powers had their own views on the specific problems of warfare and the post-war system. Reaching agreements was not easy. It required patience, good will, reasonable compromise, and the desire to reach a common agreement. It was important that at the head of the US government was such a realistically thinking politician as F. Roosevelt. By his sober position, unlike Churchill, he largely contributed to the adoption of ultimately mutually acceptable decisions Potsdam Conference//http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_colier/701/.
Roosevelt was no longer at the Potsdam Conference. The American delegation was headed by the new president, G. Truman. British Prime Minister W. Churchill took part only in the first part of the conference. After his defeat in the elections, from July 28, England was represented by K. Attlee, the leader of the victorious Labor Party. The appearance of these and other new political figures left their mark on the course of the conference.
It is important to emphasize that long before the Potsdam meeting, essentially from the moment Truman came to the White House, a change of milestones began in Washington. There was a departure from the principle of equality practiced by Roosevelt in relations with the Soviet Union. Roosevelt's comrades-in-arms were replaced by supporters of the "hard" course Volkov F. D. - S.283 ..
Truman demonstrated his "tough" approach when he received at the White House People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V. M. Molotov, who arrived in the United States in April 1945 to participate in the United Nations conference in San Francisco. Lacking foreign policy experience, the new president decided to preliminarily play the script of the conversation in front of his closest advisers. Secretary of State E. Stettinius, Secretary of War G. Stimson, Secretary of the Navy J. Forrestal, General of the Army J. Marshall were invited to the meeting at the White House, Ambassador A. Harriman and others. Truman declared that he was ready to "give battle to the Russians" on the Polish question, even at the risk that the USSR might refuse to participate in the UN. The President stressed that he intends under all conditions to promote American plans for a new international organization. That was the intention to exclude the socialist power from the world community. The absence of the USSR would allow Washington to become the absolute master in the UN. By certain forces, the matter was led to the creation of the United Nations without the Soviet Union, but, in essence, against it Volkov FD Decree. op. - P.312..
When Molotov entered the president's office that evening, Truman, as he himself later put it, immediately "took the bull by the horns." He deplored the lack of progress on the Polish question, blaming the Soviet side for this. The Great Patriotic War: Questions and Answers. Bobylev P.N., et al., M., 1984., - S. 318 .. Further, the president stated that American policy should enjoy "the trust and support of the US public" and that Congress decides on the provision of money for any post-war economic help. He, Truman, saw no way to push such measures through the Capitol without public support and added that the Soviet government should keep that in mind.
There was a clear threat of economic sanctions against the USSR. To this the Soviet representative replied that the only acceptable basis for cooperation was that the governments of the three powers should treat each other as equals: one or two of them should not be allowed to try to impose their will on a third. The Soviet government cannot be considered a violator of the agreement due to a change in the position of other partners.
Recalling the scene afterwards, Harriman remarked; “I regretted that Truman approached the matter so harshly. His behavior gave Molotov reason to inform Stalin that they were moving away from Roosevelt's policy.
In fact, Truman's departure from the Roosevelt line has become a fait accompli. By this time, political thought in Washington was already revolving around the idea of a clash with the USSR. On May 19, 1945, Acting US Secretary of State J. Grew drew up a memorandum in which he assured that war with the Soviet Union was inevitable. On the stage of the San Francisco Opera House, where the UN conference was held, speeches were made about post-war cooperation, and Grew suggested that, as soon as the conference was over, “American policy towards Soviet Russia would immediately tighten on all lines. It is much better and more certain, he argued, to have a collision before Russia can carry out reconstruction work and develop its huge potential of military, economic and territorial power.
By the time the Potsdam Conference opened, a number of positive developments had also taken place: many decisions jointly adopted by the Allies were put into practice, which confirmed in practice the possibility of fruitful cooperation between states with different social systems and in peace conditions. On June 5, 1945, the first meeting of the Control Council Potsdam Conference took place in Berlin. The next day, the Declaration was published on the defeat of Germany and the taking of supreme power over Germany by the governments of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and France. The declaration stated that the Allies would take such measures, "including the complete disarmament and demilitarization of Germany, as they deem necessary for future peace and security." At the same time, the occupying powers released a summary of the agreements on the zones of occupation and on the control mechanism in Germany. Despite Churchill's intrigues, an agreement was reached that the US and British governments would withdraw their troops from the part of the Soviet occupation zone they occupied Ivanov R.I.V. Stalin and the US public during the war of 1941-1945 / / Dialogue - 1996 - No. 10. - P. 67-68 .. Since Berlin became the seat of the Control Council and other allied control bodies in Germany, the military units of the Western powers were allowed into the sectors of Greater Berlin designated for them. However, Berlin remained at the same time part of the Soviet zone of occupation of Germany.
Soon the question was agreed on the deployment of troops in zones in Austria and the entry of British, American and French troops into Vienna. It was possible to speed up the solution of the issue of creating a Provisional Polish Government of National Unity. It was formed on June 28, 1945. Its core was the Provisional Government of the Polish Republic previously recognized by the Soviet Union. On June 29, the new government of Poland was recognized by France, and on July 5 by the United States and England Vanyan E.A. History of the USA: Textbook for student training in special education 020700 History/E.A. Ivanyan.-2nd ed., Rev.-M., 2006. - P.430-432..
On June 26, the conference in San Francisco successfully completed its work. The unanimous adoption of the UN Charter showed that the world community supports the principle of the unity of the great powers and approves the main goal of the organization - to save future generations from the scourge of world war. .
All this objectively created a favorable environment for resolving the issues that were on the agenda of the Berlin Conference. First of all, it was a question of a complex of problems connected with the unconditional capitulation of Germany. In accordance with the Yalta Agreement, the political and economic principles of a coordinated Allied policy were to be worked out. Then it was necessary to make an agreed decision on the preparation of peace treaties for Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland. World wars of the twentieth century: In 4. book: historical essay / Scientific. hands L.V. Pozdeeva, responsible ed. E.N. Kulkov. M.Kn..2005. - P.544.. The participants of the conference also had to resolve issues arising from the creation of a Provisional Polish government in London, as well as to determine the western border of Poland. Finally, the three allied powers had to coordinate actions against militaristic Japan. hands L.V. Pozdeeva, responsible ed. E.N. Kulkov. M.Kn..2005. - S. 546.
The Soviet government had information that in a number of cases in the western zones of occupation, as well as in other places, in particular in Norway, large German military formations remain. The British and American authorities are not disarming them, contrary to the decisions of the allies in this respect. The Soviet side considered it important to find out the reasons for this. There were other issues to be discussed at the conference.