Technology
Wherein:
- under the term product one should understand any final product of labor (material, intellectual, moral, political, etc.);
- the term nominal quality should be understood as predictable or predetermined quality, for example, stipulated by the terms of reference and agreed upon by the technical proposal;
- the term optimal costs should be understood as the minimum possible costs that do not entail deterioration in working conditions, sanitary and environmental standards, technical and fire safety standards, excessive wear of labor tools, as well as financial, economic, political and other risks.
Application of the term
In industry and agriculture, the presentation of technology is described in documents called an operational process map (for a detailed description) or a route map (for a brief description). In performing arts, the technology for performing performances, plays, filming films, ... is described by the script. In relation to political economy and economics, when public opinion changes, the term PR (from English PR - Public Relations - communication with the general public) is used, which is often misunderstood by the public as an advertising / information campaign.
Moral technologies are the laws of ancestors (what cannot be done, or if done, then what and how), the rules of human behavior in society, the code of honor, the constitution (in a civilized society), concepts (in the criminal world), etc.
In colloquial speech, the term technology is often replaced by the English phrase Know How (know-how) - know how (to do).
- either technology in its pure form, covering methods and techniques for the production of goods and services (dissembled technology);
- or embodied technology, covering machines, equipment, structures, entire production systems and products with high technical and economic parameters (embodied technology).
The tautological turnover "production technology" is also widespread.
Story
At the end of the 18th century, in the general array of knowledge about technology, they began to distinguish between a traditional descriptive section and a new, emerging one, which was called "technology". Johann Beckmann (1739-1811) introduced the term "technology" into scientific use, which he called the scientific discipline that he taught at the German University in Götting since 1772. In 1777, he published the work "Introduction to Technology", where he wrote: " A review of inventions, their development and advances in the arts and crafts may be called the history of the technical arts; technology, which explains in general, methodically and definitely all kinds of labor with their consequences and causes, is much more. Later, in the five-volume work Essays on the History of Inventions (1780-1805), he developed this concept. .
Technology - in a broad sense - the body of knowledge that can be used to produce goods and services from economic resources. Technology - in the narrow sense - a way of converting matter, energy, information in the process of manufacturing products, processing and processing materials, assembling finished products, quality control, management. Technology includes methods, techniques, mode of operation, sequence of operations and procedures, it is closely related to the means used, equipment, tools, materials used.
Modern technologies are based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress and are focused on the production of a product: material technology creates a material product, information technology (IT) - an information product. Technology is also a scientific discipline that develops and improves methods and tools of production. In everyday life, it is customary to call technology a description of production processes, instructions for their implementation, technological requirements, etc. Technology or technological process often referred to as the extraction, transportation and processing operations themselves, which are the basis of the production process. Technical control in production is also part of the technology. Technology development is carried out by technologists, engineers, designers, programmers and other specialists in their respective fields.
History of technology development
The moment of transition from art to technology actually created modern human civilization, made possible its further development and improvement.
Over time, technology has undergone significant changes, and if once technology meant a simple skill, now technology is a complex set of know-how knowledge, sometimes obtained with the help of expensive research.
High tech
The newest and most advanced technologies of our time are referred to as high technology(English) high technology, high-tech). The transition to the use of high technologies and the equipment corresponding to them is the most important link in the scientific and technological revolution (STR) at the present stage. High technologies usually include the most science-intensive industries: microelectronics, computers, robotics, nuclear power, aircraft manufacturing, space technology, microbiological industry.
Technology classification
Engineering technologies
Engineering technologies - development of processes for designing and manufacturing various machines and devices.
These include technical calculations, the choice of materials and production technology, as well as the design of machine-building plants and the organization of production at them.
Information Technology
Information Technology (IT, English information technology, IT ) - a wide class of disciplines and fields of activity related to technologies management, accumulation, processing and transmission of information.
Information technology- a process that uses a set of means and methods for collecting, accumulating, processing and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon (information product). This process consists of a clearly regulated sequence of operations, actions, stages of varying degrees of complexity on data stored on computers. The main goal of information technology is to obtain the information necessary for the user as a result of targeted actions for the processing of primary information.
The components of technologies for the production of products are hardware (hardware), software (tools), mathematical and information support for this process.
Basically, information technology refers to Computer techologies. In particular, IT deals with the use of computers and software to store, transform, protect, process, transmit and receive information. For this reason, computer professionals are often referred to as IT professionals.
Telecommunication technologies
Innovative technologies
Innovative technologies - sets of methods and tools that support the stages of innovation implementation. There are types of innovative technologies:
- training (training and incubation of small enterprises);
- transfer;
Technology life cycle
The technology life cycle is a set of stages from the birth of technological innovations to their routineization.
The technology life cycle consists of 5 stages:
- Latest technology - any new technology that has high potential
- Advanced technology - technology that has proven itself, but is still quite new, has little market penetration.
- Modern technology - Recognized technology, is the standard, the demand for this technology is increasing
- Not new technology - still useful technology, but newer technology already exists, so demand starts to fall
- Obsolete technology - the technology becomes obsolete and is replaced by a more advanced one, there is very little demand, or the complete abandonment of this technology in favor of a new one
Types of technology consumers
- Innovators - Follow the technological innovations. As a rule, they try to get access to them even before they are widely available on the market.
- Early Adopters - Their purchasing decision will be based on their perceived degree of fit between the benefits of the new technology and their interests.
- Early majority - for them, the practical value of the new technology is an important factor
- Late majority - they wait until the product becomes an accepted standard,
- Lagging behind - do not follow technological innovations and acquire if this technology is implemented in any product, but do not use it.
see also
technology in Wiktionary | |
Technology at Wikiquote |
Instruction
Engineers and technologists working in various industries place great hopes on nanotechnologies. There are no generally accepted standards in this field of science and technology. Its main idea is the production of a wide variety of products with a predetermined molecular structure. We are talking about high-precision manufacturing of material objects by manipulating atoms and molecules.
No less amazing is 3D printing technology. Based on a digital model, it is already possible to print simple three-dimensional objects layer by layer on a three-dimensional printer. It is possible that within the next decade, compact 3D printers will appear in every home, taking their place next to personal computers. The use of volumetric printing in the production of various goods is also very promising. It allows you to reduce costs to a minimum and ensure high quality products.
Wireless computer technologies, which a few years ago seemed a curiosity, are increasingly penetrating into human life. This innovation allows you to create vast networks that can connect many users wirelessly. The carrier of information in such networks is not electric cables, but microwave radio waves. The attribute of a wireless connection is a compact transmitter with a built-in omnidirectional antenna.
Becomes a reality and wireless electrical energy. In 2011, the first successful experiments in this direction were carried out, which, most likely, will soon be embodied in the form of technologies available to ordinary consumers. One of the promising uses for such power systems is recharging tablets, which uses not wires, but the transmission of pulses in the microwave range. Scientists are intensively working on an increase in which it will be possible to transmit energy without wires.
There are other modern technologies in the energy sector as well. One of them is related to the use of geothermal energy, which is contained in the bowels of the earth. To implement this technology, special geothermal stations are being designed and built. The most promising is the construction of such structures in areas with increased volcanic activity. Scientists from Japan, Indonesia, Mexico, Nicaragua, and China are working on geothermal problems.
For several decades, robotics has been developing in the world. At the beginning of this century, it began to penetrate into. Such technologies make it possible to create automated systems for surgical operations. At the same time, the doctor does not contact the patient, but manages the process at a distance through a special terminal. Such technological solutions guarantee minimal interference with the work of the body and allow performing operations with an unusually high accuracy.
Let's turn to the Internet, what the Wikipedia encyclopedia says about technology.
Technology(from other Greek τέχνη - art, skill, skill;
λόγος - thought, reason; technique, method of production).
In a broad sense, technology is a set of methods, processes and materials used in any branch of activity, as well as a scientific description of the methods of technical production;
In the narrow sense - a set of organizational measures, operations and techniques aimed at the manufacture, maintenance, repair and / or operation products With nominal quality and optimal cost , and due to the current level of development of science, technology and society as a whole.
Wherein:
- under the term product one should understand any final product of labor (material, intellectual, moral, political, etc.);
- under the term nominal quality quality should be understood as predictable or predetermined, for example, specified by the terms of reference and agreed upon by the technical proposal;
- under the term optimal costs should be understood as the minimum possible costs that do not entail a deterioration in working conditions, sanitary and environmental standards, technical and fire safety standards, excess wear of labor tools, as well as financial, economic, political and other risks.
At the end of the 18th century, in the general body of knowledge about technology, they began to distinguish between a traditional descriptive section and a new, emerging one, which was called "Technology".
Johann Beckmann (1739-1811) coined the term "technology" or "Science of the Craft", which he called the scientific discipline he taught at the German University in Göttingen from 1772. In 1777 he published the work "Introduction to Technology ", where he wrote:
“A review of inventions, their development and progress in the arts and crafts may be called the history of the technical arts; technology, which explains in general, methodically and definitely all kinds of labor with their consequences and causes, is much more. Later, in the five-volume work Essays on the History of Inventions (1780-1805), he developed this concept.
Modern technologies are based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress and are focused on the production of a product:
material technology creates a tangible product
Information technology(IT) - information product.
Technology is also a scientific discipline that develops and improves methods and tools of production.
In everyday life, it is customary to call technology a description of production processes, instructions for their implementation, technological requirements, etc.
Technology or technological process is also often referred to as the extraction, transportation and processing operations themselves, which are the basis of the production process.
Technical control in production is also part of the technology. Technologies are developed by:
technologists,
engineers,
Constructors,
Programmers and other specialists in relevant fields.
What is the difference between a CREATOR and an artisan?
That's right, the CREATOR works on the product invented by him, invents and develops the technology of its production, and the ARTISAN produces finished products using a well-known technology, a VERY GOOD ARTIFICANT makes them the same.
Working and working are two very different things!
The technology life cycle is a set of stages from the birth of technological innovations to their routineization.
Namely: origin - improvement - routinization
An example (a bad stamp car body required to tin the body to level out irregularities, since there was no putty, before that the body was mainly made of wood).
The technology life cycle consists of 5 stages:
- Latest technology - any new technology that has a high potential;
- Advanced technology - technology that has proven itself, but is still quite new, has little market penetration;
- Modern technology - Recognized technology, is the standard, increasing demand for this technology;
- Not new technology - still useful technology, but newer technology already exists, so demand starts to fall;
(For example, there is still a wired telephone, but many are already refusing, or digital television has not yet fully entered into life, but ordinary TVs on the antenna are already surviving )
- Obsolete technology - the technology becomes obsolete and is replaced by a more advanced one, there is very little demand, or the complete abandonment of this technology in favor of a new one.
For example: Outdated technology for the production of refined sunflower oil by mechanical whipping.
According to GOST 3.1109-82 Technological process- this is a part of the production process, containing purposeful actions to change and (or) determine the state of the object of labor.
The objects of labor include blanks and products.
Almost any technological process can be considered as part of a more complex process and a set of less complex (in the limit - elementary ) technological processes.
(from Greek techne - art and logos - word, teaching) technology
a method of converting matter, energy, information in the process of manufacturing products, processing and processing materials, assembling finished products, quality control, management. Technology embodies the methods, techniques, mode of operation, sequence of operations and procedures, it is closely related to the means, equipment, tools, materials used. The set of technological operations forms a technological process. Modern economic science uses the term "technology" in such combinations as "technology of education, educational process, treatment, management".
Glossary of financial terms
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
technology
technology, pl. no, w. (from Greek techne - art and logos - teaching). The totality of sciences, information about the methods of processing one or another raw material into a manufactured product, into a finished product. Metal technology. Chemical Technology. Wood technology. ? The totality of the processes of such processing. Uncomplicated technology.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.
technology
I, ace. A set of production methods and processes in a particular industry, as well as a scientific description of the methods of production. G. production. T. fibrous substances. Technology disruption.
adj. technological, th, th. T. process. Technological requirements.
New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
technology
A scientific discipline that studies the methods of processing materials, the manufacture of products, and the processes that accompany these types of work.
An academic subject containing the theoretical foundations of this science.
unfold A textbook that sets out the content of a given academic subject.
The set of techniques used in any deed, craftsmanship, art.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
technology
TECHNOLOGY (from the Greek techne - art, skill, skill and ... ology) a set of methods for processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, form of raw materials, material or semi-finished products carried out in the production process; a scientific discipline that studies physical, chemical, mechanical, and other regularities that operate in technological processes. Technology is also called the operations of extraction, processing, transportation, storage, control, which are part of the overall production process.
Technology
(from the Greek téchne ≈ art, skill, skill and ... ology), a set of techniques and methods for obtaining, processing or processing raw materials, materials, semi-finished products or products carried out in various industries, in construction, etc .; a scientific discipline that develops and improves such techniques and methods. T. (or technological processes) are also called the operations of extraction, processing, processing, transportation, storage, storage, which are the main component of the production process. Modern technology also includes technical control of production. It is customary to also refer to a description of production processes, instructions for their implementation, technological rules, requirements, maps, schedules, etc.
Technology is usually considered in connection with a specific branch of production (the technology of mining, the technology of mechanical engineering, and the technology of construction) or depending on the methods of obtaining or processing certain materials (the technology of metals, the technology of fibrous substances, the technology of fabrics, etc.). ). As a result of the implementation of technological processes, a qualitative change occurs in the processed objects. Thus, the method of obtaining various metals is based on a change in the chemical composition and chemical and physical properties of the feedstock; T. machining is associated with a change in the shape and some physical properties of the workpieces; chemical thermodynamics is based on processes carried out as a result of chemical reactions and leading to changes in the composition, structure, and properties of the initial products. The most important indicators characterizing the technical and economic efficiency of the technological process are: specific consumption of raw materials, semi-finished products and energy per unit of output; yield (quantity) and quality of finished products (products); the level of labor productivity; the intensity of the process; production costs; production cost.
The task of technology as a science is to identify physical, chemical, mechanical, and other regularities in order to determine and use in practice the most efficient and economical production processes that require the least expenditure of time and material resources. Thus, the subject of research and development in mechanical engineering is the fundamentals of designing technological processes (types of machining, selection of workpieces, surface quality of workpieces, machining accuracy and allowances for it, basing of workpieces), methods of machining surfaces (flat, shaped, etc.) , methods for manufacturing typical parts (cases, shafts, gears, etc.), assembly processes (the nature of the connection of parts and assemblies, the principles of mechanization and automation of assembly work), the basics of designing fixtures.
The technology of various industries is constantly updated and changed as technology develops. The improvement of technology in all branches and types of production is an important condition for accelerating technical progress in the national economy. The main directions in the development of modern technology are: the transition from discontinuous (discrete, cyclic) technological processes to continuous flow processes, which ensure an increase in the scale of production and the efficient use of machinery and equipment; the introduction of "closed" (non-waste) heating for the fullest use of raw materials, materials, energy, and fuel, which makes it possible to minimize or completely eliminate production waste and to carry out measures to improve the environment. Of particular importance is the improvement of the technology of the extractive industries in order to increase the efficiency of the extraction of minerals, their enrichment and processing, to eliminate the harmful consequences of the exploitation of the subsoil for the environment, and to ensure the integrated use of minerals in the national economy (see Nature Protection).
In the manufacturing industries of the USSR, especially in mechanical engineering and instrument making, the Unified System for Technological Preparation of Production (USTPP) has been introduced since 1975. It provides for a unified procedure for the development of technological documentation and the use of standard technological processes, unified equipment and standard equipment. Implementation of the ECTS allows to reduce the time for preparation of production by 2-2.5 times, while at the same time increasing labor productivity and improving the quality of products.
In order to unify technological means, methods, and terminology, the USSR developed and, since 1975, put into effect as a state standard the Unified System of Technological Documentation (ESTD) (see Technological Documentation). See also Technology of metals, Chemical technology.
O. A. Vladimirov, A. A. Parkhomenko.
Wikipedia
Technology
Technology(from - art, skill, skill; - “word”, “thought”, “meaning”, “concept”) - a set of methods and tools to achieve the desired result; in a broad sense - the application of scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.
Technology (group)
"Technology"- Russian synth-pop group from Moscow, known for the songs "Press the Button" and "Strange Dances". The peak of the group's popularity came in 1991-1993. It has existed in various compositions from 1990 to the present time. To create music, the group uses electronic musical instruments - synthesizers, samplers and modern computer technology.
Technology (Obninsk research and production enterprise)
Joint-Stock Company "Obninsk Research and Production Enterprise "Technology" named after. A.G. Romashina»- one of the leading Russian state research and production enterprises in the field of production of non-metallic polymer, composite and ceramic materials for the needs of the rocket and space and aviation industries, water transport, energy and other industries. Over 800 new materials have been created during the operation of the enterprise. It is part of the state corporation "Rostec".
Located in the city of Obninsk, Kaluga region.
Technology is an important part of modern civilization. What it is, almost everyone understands. But it is rather difficult for people to correctly formulate their knowledge, oddly enough. Perhaps this is because few people are familiar with the exact definition.
What is technology?
Technology is a complex of engineering and scientific knowledge that has been embodied in the means and methods of labor, sets of material components of production, as well as the types of their combinations that are created to obtain a particular product or service. You can also see the use this term, as a set of methods for processing raw materials and materials, manufacturing products and all the processes that accompany these types of work. The most popular at the moment is the phrase "high technology". It is used to denote the performance of a complex type of work, the end result of which will be an amazing result, which is based on the microcosm around us.
What are the requirements for modern technologies?
Since their appearance hundreds of thousands of years ago, they have improved significantly. Previously, technology was a primitive set of actions that can now be recreated by almost any modern person. But as time went on, they became more difficult. Now modern basic technologies put forward requirements an order of magnitude higher.
- There must be a system integrity (completeness) of the process. It should include a set of elements that will ensure the required completion of actions, which will lead to the achievement of the goal.
- A significant degree of division of the process into separate stages or phases of execution.
- Regularity and unambiguity, which will allow the use of average values in order to characterize the actions performed and carry out their unification and standardization.
- Technology should be inextricably linked with the production process itself and displayed as a set of actions that are performed over time.
- The whole process is carried out in special artificial systems that are created to ensure the realization of individual needs.
Characteristics of technological processes
What they are, we have already decided. What requirements are put forward to modern technologies is also already known. What can be said about their specific characteristics? What should be To do this, let's get acquainted with such three points that will allow us to evaluate them "from the inside".
- The process should be divided into internal interrelated operations, phases and states that provide optimal or close to it development dynamics. The rational limits of the requirements put forward to the personnel who will work with this technology should also be determined.
- It is necessary to have coordination of interaction and consistent execution of actions and operations that are aimed at obtaining the desired result. And all this should be based on the logic of the development and functioning of each specific process.
- It is necessary to provide for the uniqueness of the implementation of all procedures and operations that are provided by the technology. This is an indispensable and determining condition for achieving the necessary results in compliance with the necessary norms and standards.
It is impossible to understand what technologies are without knowing their properties, which have already been listed above.
Technology Challenges
Why do we need these developments? What tasks are performed by technologies in our hands? To answer these questions, it is necessary to know that technologies are a set of ways and means by which a control process is carried out from a wide variety of its implementations. What will be defined as the goal is the task facing the technology.
Any set of methods and means is based on the following components:
- the purpose of the implementation (aka task), which provides the greatest interest to other people;
- an object that is subject to technological changes;
- methods and ways of influencing it;
- means of technical influence on the object of interest;
- organization and ordering of processes.
Thus, high technology should provide us with an easier and more comfortable life. This is done by automating complex processes and facilitating the implementation of various operations. But with an increase in the number of people who have access to benefits, a number of problems arise (for example, environmental ones) that require an integrated approach to finding their solution.
Implementation of technologies
This is the name of the sequence of changing states, sets of actions or stages of work. Speaking about what technology is, it is difficult to ignore the concept. It is necessary to talk about it so that there are no misunderstandings in the future. Under the production process is understood a set of operations that are interrelated, as well as changes in resources that are aimed at obtaining certain products. This is important for understanding the essence of things and the correct operation of the terminology base. Those processes that have their clear implementation schemes can be represented as a small list.
- Programmable and research technologies;
- Chaotic and automated processes.
What are the different types of technological processes responsible for?
Let's take a closer look at what they are responsible for.
- Automatic processes. Actions are performed without the slightest deviation. Since such work is not possible for a person, but only for high-tech devices, the designation "automatic" was introduced;
- chaotic processes. All causal relationships are statistical and probabilistic;
- Programmable technology. It is characterized by a certain sequence of processes for processing the information received in accordance with the given commands.
- Vocational technology. Engaged in determining the sequence of processing units, parts and products using a specific algorithm.
- Scientific and technical technology. Works out the issues of the sequence of processes for processing the components of the work object (which are parts, information, products, units) in accordance with a given process and when using intellectual processing tools.
- Research technology. Is not fully defined. It can change throughout the process to get the desired result. Always used intelligently
How are technologies developing, and what are their prospects?
It is impossible not to note the significant acceleration of technological progress and the development of technology that has occurred over the past century. The 20th century was a real breakthrough in science. Now the most actively developing are those areas from which the greatest benefit can be extracted in the near future (this follows from the peculiarities of the socio-economic situation). The development of technologies that will be of significant importance in the distant future rests solely with states. This is due to the fact that certain financial resources are required for their promotion, but when the result will be, and practical (and read commercial) application is unknown. But despite this, the development of technology, depending on the task, can be performed by a separate interested person.
Application of technology in everyday life
You can see them at almost every step. What are farmers guided by when they grow their products? On the technology of tillage, sowing, care of vegetation (treatment with pesticides and fertilization of the land) and much more. It's the same with industrialists - before you make a car, you need to think about how the parts that make it up will be created first, and then the car itself. Even pedagogy has its own technologies - they only refer to the specifics of the implementation of the educational process in kindergartens, schools, and universities.
The use of technology allows our society to function and develop at the same pace as it does now.
Conclusion
That's how different, complex and necessary they are. There are both creative and technical technologies - so to speak, for every taste and for any. To improve life, it is necessary to massively connect all people to these delights. After all, when many people know the answer to what technologies are and what their role is in our lives, then in this case we can count on a faster solution to our problems.