30-300 kHz Long waves (LW) Kilometer 10-1 km
300–3000 kHz Medium waves (MW) Hectometric 1–0.1 km
3-30 MHz Short wave (HF) (HF) Decameter 100-10 m
30-300 MHz VHF (VHF) Meter 10-1 m
300-3000 MHz Ultra-short waves (VHF) (UHF) Decimeter 1-0.1 m
Frequencies
1 -2…30 MHz Shortwave range (HF) Due to the propagation characteristics, it is mainly used for long-distance communications. 25.6 ... 30 MHz "CB" Civilian range in which private individuals can use communications. In different countries, from 40 to 80 fixed frequencies (channels) are allocated in this section.
2 -30 ... 88 MHz "Low Band" - Widely used in military VHF radio stations. Some frequencies are also allocated for civil services (ambulance, etc.)
3 -88 ... 108 MHz - broadcasting;
4 -108 ... 118 MHz - fixed aviation navigation systems;
5 -118 ... 137 MHz - Air range: aircraft carry out radio exchange between themselves and with ground services in this frequency range. Unlike most other types of VHF communication, amplitude modulation is used;
6 -144 ... 146 MHz - Amateur radio range 2 meters;
7 -146 ... 200 MHz - City services. In the range you can find the frequencies of urban services - firefighters, taxis, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, traffic police, police, etc.
Part of the range 151-155 MHz is allocated for railway communications.
Part of the range 156-158 MHz - radio communication of ships.
8 -225 ... 400 MHz - air traffic control radio stations work here;
9 -300 ... 302 MHz - River vessels.
10 -400-500 MHz - Perhaps one of the most active bands. Various services and devices operate in it, from baby monitors, license-free LPD / PMR radio stations and various digital telemetry (alarms, key fobs) to traffic police, ambulance, taxis and trunk networks.
Part of the 433 MHz band is the 0.7 meter amateur radio band.
11-500 MHz and above - This range is mainly for digital signals only (GSM, Bluetooth, Dect, etc.). Reception and analysis of such signals by conventional means is impossible in most cases.
2-25 MHz (149.89 - 11.99 meters) Shortwave (HF)
The short-wave range (HF) allows you to organize communication over long distances (up to transcontinental). Short waves were widely used in the period of 40-60s for the organization of long-distance communications. From films and books, many people know how messages were exchanged during World War II, during the development of the North and Antarctica, during the work of geological parties and rescue expeditions. Since the beginning of the 1980s, new communications technologies (wireline, cellular, satellite) have gradually replaced the rather capricious HF radio communications from the traditional long-distance communications sector. Short waves began to undeservedly recede into the background. But the transformations taking place in the countries with the former planned economy forced the search for inexpensive and independent methods of long-distance communication. Interest in the "forgotten" HF band began to show again.
Usually, a dugout in a dark snowy forest and a brave radio operator tapping another report to the Center with frozen fingers are usually associated with HF radio communications. Or a bearded geologist trying through the crackle of interference to call a helicopter to a sick comrade. In modern HF communications, “romance” usually comes down to the correct installation of antennas, and the rest, as they say, is a matter of technology.
Modern shortwave radio stations make it possible to create communication systems that are close in capabilities to rather complex systems in the VHF bands. Here and selective call, and automatic selection of the best communication frequency, and the ability to send fax messages, and speech encryption, and much more. There are compact models for installation on vehicles, and even portable radios, with capabilities that are not much inferior to stationary ones. Currently produced HF radio stations have high sensitivity and selectivity, output power up to 100 or more watts. Modern digital and microprocessor technologies have penetrated into this type of technology, providing users with a lot of additional functions that make life easier for a radio operator. One cannot call one's tongue a "radio operator", for example, the manager of a mining plant, who from his office manages the work of dozens of facilities located hundreds or even thousands of kilometers from the management.
The disadvantages of the HF range include difficulties with the miniaturization of radio stations, large antenna sizes (tens of meters), low noise immunity (on days of good signal transmission, you can hear a transmission from the opposite side of the Earth at a selected frequency). The advantages are complete autonomy over long distances, low cost of equipment compared to any other types of communication that provide the same range.
Mainly used for communication:
- between remote points over long distances up to transcontinental communication;
- in hard-to-reach areas (forests, deserts) and areas with difficult terrain (hills, mountains);
- with vehicles over long distances of hundreds and thousands of kilometers;
- With portable radios over long distances (tens and hundreds of kilometers) and areas with difficult terrain (hills, mountains);
- low-speed digital data transmission (files, e-mail, faxes);
- for exchanging telemetry data with remote and hard-to-reach objects (weather stations, gateways, pumping stations, etc.).
25.6-30 MHz (11.71 - 9.99 meters) "Civilian" band - "CB"
The "civilian" range is "CB", or as it is often called - "27 MHz". The only range in which radio communications equipment can be used without restriction by private individuals.
The high communication range in flat rural areas and the low cost of subscriber equipment make this range very attractive for a variety of user categories from farmers, fishermen and shepherds to large construction, mining and transport organizations.
And although the range will be most effective in flat rural areas, the practice of using CBS has shown that with the proper organization of the system and the optimal location of the base station antennas, it is possible to achieve high-quality and reliable radio communications over long distances even in conditions of industrial urban interference and high-rise buildings. An example is the active development of private taxi services in Tashkent using CB radio communications.
In this range, the propagation of radio waves occurs, in addition to rectilinear, also through reflection from the Earth's ionosphere, so the range of the radio signal and its quality will highly depend on the state of the ionosphere and solar activity, and can vary greatly on different days and during the day.
The ionospheric passage of radio waves can increase the communication range up to several thousand kilometers. This happens mainly in the summer and during periods of solar activity. During such passages, you can easily chat with Kyiv or Odessa, practice your knowledge of foreign languages, contacting foreign countries. For some, making long-distance connections on CBS has become a sport of its own.
Among the shortcomings of “civilian” communications, it should be noted high sensitivity to interference, congestion of channels on days of favorable propagation of radio waves (transmitters thousands of kilometers away can be heard), low efficiency of portable radio stations due to short antennas, long antennas of mobile radio stations (about 1.5 m).
Despite these shortcomings, CB remains the most popular means of communication in the world. Due to the low cost of equipment and a simplified registration procedure, it is used by agricultural organizations, vehicle drivers, outdoor enthusiasts and a large army of ordinary people for whom radio communication is just a favorite pastime. It is no exaggeration to say that There are more radio stations on the CB band than on all other frequencies combined.
Most preferred for radio communication:
- between fixed and car radios when using efficient base antennas;
- between vehicles when driving along the highway, outside the city, in a convoy or at a short distance from each other (5–15 km);
- between agricultural machinery (combines, seeders, cotton pickers, etc.) and between machinery and control rooms (weight, reception, filling, etc.) in flat or hilly areas when using effective base antennas;
- in the city between mobile and stationary objects through dispatching radio stations with efficient antennas installed at a sufficient height.
30-88 MHz (9.99 - 3.4 meters) "Low Band", the range between HF and VHF.
The 30–88 MHz range, commonly referred to as "Low Band", due to the lack of a suitable term in Russian. Used for army tactical communications.
33-50 MHz It was widely used in the former USSR, remaining almost the only service band for which it was possible to purchase equipment manufactured by the CMEA countries. Many enterprises and organizations used radio stations, in particular Len and Granit, to solve the needs of operational radio communications, and some still use them. But the economic transformations of recent years have forced us to reconsider the choice of communication equipment. The latest Western developments poured into our market and the "Low Band" began to be replaced by higher frequency ranges.
Currently on sale you can find radio stations at 33-50 MHz manufactured by Vertex, Motorola, Alan, Roger, etc. This allows organizations and departments to replace the fleet of outdated and failed equipment and use existing radio frequencies. A number of portable models are available. Unfortunately, the prices for such equipment are somewhat higher than for similar models of higher frequencies.
In terms of physical properties, it occupies an intermediate position between the HF and VHF bands, which is why it has the properties of both. Under certain circumstances, it allows communication beyond the radio horizon (reflected wave). But in general, communication is possible within the line of sight. Characterized by low attenuation, less reflection. The greatest range is achieved in rural areas with low buildings and in flat terrain.
136-174 and 400-512 MHz (2.2-1.72 and 0.74-0.58 meters) VHF and UHF. It's all VHF.
A license is required to operate (transmit) on VHF, but not on UHF.
High noise immunity and good signal transmission make it possible to actively use these ranges for organizing almost any service radio communication systems. The lower part of the range (VHF) is more effective in rural areas, low-rise (up to 3 floors) and mid-rise (up to 5 floors) urban development. The upper part (DCV) is preferable in industrial centers and high-rise buildings.
LPD(433-434 mhz) - "Low Power Device". LPD433 (433.075 .. 434.775 MHz 69 frequencies in 25 kHz steps, power up to 0.01 W). There are security and radio amateurs who did not receive a call sign and cannot work on 145 mhz, as well as city (usually also “auto”) channels, which are always interesting and comfortable.
The use of LPD (SRD) radios is not permitted in the following countries: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal, Great Britain, Spain, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Croatia, Turkey.
PMR(446 mhz) - "Personal Mobile Radio". PMR466 (446.000 .. 446.100 MHz, 8 frequencies in 6.5 kHz steps, power up to 0.5 W). There are no restrictions for PMR radios, you can safely go abroad and use them freely. Once again, security, construction and ... and that's it. It is not interesting, in fact, because the channels are closely pressed against each other.
In many countries, these ranges are used for organizing paging (VHF) and cellular (DCV) radio communications. Although there is a tendency to move to higher frequency sections (900, 1800 MHz)
Communication is possible only within the line of sight, which is why relay systems are used in most cases.
806-825 and 851-870 MHz (0.37-0.36 and 0.35-0.34 meters)
It is used to organize radio communication systems in cities with high-rise buildings and in areas with a high level of industrial interference. Very high noise immunity and good signal transmission through various obstacles (up to metal meshes) makes it possible to use this range where the propagation of radio waves with lower frequencies is impossible or entails high costs (placement of intermediate repeaters, high antenna heights, etc.) . In many countries of the world it is used for organizing cellular radio communications. In particular, cellular communication in Uzbekistan is organized in this range. US traditional terrestrial mobile band.
Communication is possible only within the radio horizon. The range is characterized by a high degree of reflection of radio waves from buildings, structures and other natural and artificial barriers, due to which radio communication is possible in industrial areas and industrial centers with high-rise buildings. In some cases this can be seen as a benefit (less "dead zones" due to reflections), and in other cases it can be a big problem (interference).
In terms of physical properties, it is characterized by a large attenuation of radio waves, as a result of which the communication range in rural areas will be less than at low frequencies.
The disadvantages include the relatively high cost of equipment compared to equipment for lower frequencies and the difficulty in creating powerful portable radio transmitters. This is partly due to the increase in the energy of the transmitted signal at high frequencies, and this, in turn, requires high-capacity power supplies (batteries), the dimensions of which, at the current level of technology development, are difficult to miniaturize.
American radio amateurs use the following calling frequencies for DXpeditions (in kHz):
- 1828.5,
- 3505,
- 7005,
- 7065,
- 10110,
- 14025,
- 14195,
- 18075,
- 18145,
- 21025,
- 21295,
- 24895,
- 24945,
- 28025,
- 28495.
Calling frequencies for QRP stations (in kHz):
- 1810,
- 3560,
- 10106,
- 14060,
- 14285,
- 21060,
- 21385,
- 28060,
- 28385.
In Europe and some other countries, the following frequencies (kHz) are recommended for SSB low power operation (QRP):
- 3690,
- 7090,
- 14285,
- 21285.
For telegraph (in kHz):
- 1843,
- 3560,
- 7030,
- 10106,
- 14060,
- 18096,
- 21060,
- 24906,
- 28060.
Frequencies for DXpeditions in Europe have not yet been agreed.
SSB-QRP round tables are held on 3620 kHz at 18:30 MEZ (MES).
Western hams that support the SOTA program use frequencies (kHz):
- 7030,
- 7060,
- 14060,
- 14285,
- 145575 (FM),
- 144285 (SSB),
- 430150,
- 430475 (FM),
- 432200 (SSB).
In Russia, fans of the RDA program (working “through a fraction”) can usually be found around a frequency of 14180 kHz ±QRM.
The frequencies for mountain expeditions under the RMA program are not exactly specified, so ham radio operators use the standard frequencies intended for DXpeditions and QRP, described above.
Frequencies in Moscow and the Moscow Region
MIA frequencies
148-149 MHz - 25 kHz step (NFM mode).
148.2250 and 148.9500 - the channel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on railway transport.
171-173 MHz - step 25 (NFM mode)
171.7250 and 171.7500 - duty unit of the Moscow police department.
171.7750 and 172.3250 - special channel of the Moscow police department.
172.3000 and 172.2750 - duty unit of the Moscow police department.
205.100 - frequency UGAI GUVD Moscow.
450-453 MHz - step 12.5 (NFM)
450.3000 450.3750 450.4750 450.5000 450.5705
450.6250 450.6500 450.6750
451.0500 451.1500
451.3000 451.4000
451.5250 and 451.5375 - scrambling.
452.4250 452.5875 452.6200
460-463 MHz - 12.5 step (NFM mode)
460.8000 and 461.4500 - scrambling.
461.0000 - special communication channel of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation
RF Ministry of Defense frequency bands:
- 254.000,
- 254.685,
- 380.000,
- 393.100.
FAPSI
- 148-149 (step 1) - the radio frequency band is intended for primary use by radio communications of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
- 149-149.9 (step 0.9) - the radio frequency band is intended for use by radio electronic means of government communications, security and defense of the Russian Federation.
- 157.875 - FAPSI special purpose channel.
- 162.7625-163.2 (step 0.4375) - the radio frequency band is intended for use by radio electronic means of government communications, security and defense of the Russian Federation.
- 168.5-171.15 (step 2.65) - the radio frequency band is intended for use by radio-electronic means of government communications, security and defense of the Russian Federation.
- 169.455 and 169.462 - FAPSI special purpose channels.
- 171.15-173 (step 1.85) - the radio frequency band is intended for primary use by radio communications of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
- 173-174 (step 1) - the radio frequency band is intended for use by radio electronic means of government communications, security and defense of the Russian Federation.
- 273-300 (step 27) - the radio frequency band is intended for use by radio electronic means of government communications, security and defense of the Russian Federation.
- 300-308 (step 8) - the radio frequency band is intended for fixed and mobile services. Separate sections in this band are used by radio-electronic means of government communications, security and defense of the Russian Federation.
- 308-328.6 (step 20.6) - the radio frequency band is intended for the primary use of radio electronic means of government communications, security and defense of the Russian Federation.
- 328.6-335.4 (step 6.8) - the radio frequency band is intended for the aeronautical radio navigation service and is mainly used by radio electronic means of government communications, security and defense of the Russian Federation.
- 335.4-336 (step 0.6) - the radio frequency band is intended for the primary use of radio electronic means of government communications, security and defense of the Russian Federation.
- 336-344 (step 8) - the radio frequency band is intended for the fixed and mobile services. Separate sections in this band are used by radio-electronic means of government communications, security and defense of the Russian Federation.
- 344-390 (step 46) - the radio frequency band is intended for the primary use of radio electronic means of government communications, security and defense of the Russian Federation.
fire protection
All frequencies of the Moscow Fire Department:
- 148.050,
- 148.075,
- 148.125,
- 148.200.
Citizen Band
- 26.965-27.855 MHz (Europe)
- 26.960-27.850 MHz (Russia) - step 10 (NFM, AM, USB, LSB mode).
- 144-146 MHz - NFM USB CW DATA (25 kHz step for NFM).
- 145.025, 145.125, 145.625, 145.725 - repeater frequencies of the Moscow Radio Club.
- 146.100, 146.700 - amateur radio repeaters.
- 430-440 MHz - NFM USB CW DATA (for NFM step 25).
Part of the frequencies is occupied by trunk communication operators.
1260-1300 MHz (amateur 23 cm band). 240-250 GHz (ham radio 12 cm band). This is a European grid. For the Russian grid, respectively, the last digit is "0".
For example, 27.155MHz - C16E, 27.150MHz - C16R.
Of the useful channels (in relation to Moscow) - ZcE, 9cE, 19cE, 21dE.
These are emergency channels, there are dispatchers who report and receive messages about traffic jams and accidents. Information about road accidents and other emergencies is best transmitted in channels ZsE ("Petrovka") or 9sE (Rescue Service).
The 9cE channel is allocated for the transmission of traffic accidents and other emergencies only. If you register with the Scream service (Petrovka, ZcE) or the Rescue Service (19cE, 21dE, registration is free, but required), then the dispatcher can be asked to call by phone and send something or use it all as a pager (you can call control room and ask to transfer information for the person you need (of course, if he has a CB station).
The Polet-27 (9dE) service works similarly, only free of charge. And in other cases, it’s just your own connection, leaving the city, communication between cars, etc. There are channels occupied by a kind of interest clubs (to some extent, this is Polet-27, since it is organized by Association-27) and certain districts of Moscow.
Allowed channels (40 channels each in grids C and D) are fairly clogged, and additional grids are empty (A, B, E, F - if you really want to, you can work in them, everyone pretends that they don’t notice this violation)
VHF
Amateur VHF frequencies:
- 144-146 MHz - NFM USB CW DATA (for NFM step 25).
- 145.025, 145.625 inverse repeater (Dmitrov).
- 145.125, 144.525 repeater.
- 145,600, 145,000 Serpukhov repeater.
- 145.625, 145.025 repeater.
- 145.650, 145.050 repeater suspension at Moscow State University.
- 145.700, 145.100 Shchelkovo repeater.
- 145.725, 145.125 repeater Troitsk.
- 145.750, 145.150 Mitino repeater.
- 430-440 MHz - the same, part of the frequencies is sold to trunk operators.
Note. As a rule, the reception and transmission frequencies of amateur radio repeaters (repeaters) have a discrepancy relative to each other by 600 kHz. This parameter is also programmed by the manufacturer in the Kenwood TH-F7 transceiver.
Moreover, if the receive frequency of the repeater is 145.750, then its transmission frequency will be -600 kHz, that is, 145.150 MHz .. In inverse repeaters, everything is exactly the opposite.
The Kenwood TH-F7 transceiver also allows you to work with inverted repeaters; for this, the transceiver is reprogrammed from the keyboard so that the R indicator lights up on the display (see section 3.12).
Amateur radio satellite communications
Radio amateur satellite frequencies:
- 7000-7100 (step 100) - the radio frequency band is intended for the amateur and amateur satellite services.
- 14000-142 50 (step 250) - the radio frequency band is intended for amateur and amateur satellite services.
- 21000-21450 (step 450) - the radio frequency band is intended for the amateur and amateur satellite services.
- 28-29.7 MHz (step 1.7) - the radio frequency band is intended for the amateur and amateur satellite services.
- 1240.000 - the beginning of the 25 cm amateur radio band (up to 1300.000).
- 1300.000 - the end of the 25 cm amateur radio band (from 1240.000).
- 2310.000 - the beginning of the 12 cm amateur radio band (up to 2450.000).
- 2450.000 - the end of the amateur radio 12 cm range (from 2310.000).
HF
Amateur HF frequencies:
- 1.83-1.93 MHz (160 m).
- 3.5-3.8 MHz (80 m).
- 7-7.1 MHz (40 m).
- 10.1-10.15MHz (30m CW only).
- 14-14.35 MHz (20 m).
- 18.068-18.168 MHz (16m).
- 21-21.45 MHz (15 m).
- 24.89-24.99 MHz (12m).
- 28-29.7 MHz (10m).
When working with voice at frequencies below 10 MHz, LSB is used, above 10 MHz - USB. AM stations operate on 160 and 10m. Mostly CW, SSB and digital communications(Packet Radio, SSTV, RTTY). FM stations can rarely be heard on only 10m.
LOW BAND radios
LOW BAND radios are used by radio amateurs, security guards, and various "outdoor" services.
- 30-36 MHz;
- 39-50 MHz;
- 36-42 MHz;
- 42-50 MHz;
- 136-162 MHz;
- 136-174 MHz;
- 146-174 MHz;
- 300-345 MHz;
- 403-433 MHz;
- 403-470 MHz;
- 438-470 MHz;
- 465-495 MHz;
- 490-520 MHz.
Some frequencies allocated for radiotelephones
For example, Panasonic radiotelephones operate at frequencies of 31-40 MHz.
All frequencies are known (the full list is from the author of the book), on which all modern radiotelephones operate. To tune the transceiver receiver to the frequency of the base or handset of the telephone, you need to know the model of the radiotelephone used.
Air Frequencies
Paging companies
In Moscow, paging companies work + in the range of 146-168 and 450-475 MHz in NFM mode.
Closed paging systems can work:
- on subcarrier frequencies of radio stations and television;
- in conventional paging companies, but messages are encoded during transmission;
- at frequencies that are not typical for paging;
- using transfer methods other than Pocsag.
Frequencies that do not belong to any of the known companies: 160.5500, 164.3500, 474.5000.
Cellular network Beeline (AMPS, DAMPS standard)
- 825-845 MHz -. mobile objects.
- 870-890 MHz - repeaters in NFM mode, step 30 (for AMPS, for D-AMPS - several channels per carrier).
MTS Cellular Network (Moscow Cellular Communications, NMT-450)
- 453-457.5 MHz - mobile objects.
- 463-467.5 MHz - repeaters.
Cellular network MTS (Mobile Telesystems, GSM-900)
NFM mode, step 25. Frequencies:
- 890-915 MHz - mobile objects.
- 935-965 MHz - repeaters.
Digital communications, multiple channels per carrier
Cellular network GSM-1800 (Beeline).
Frequencies: 1.8-1.9 GHz digital, multiple channels per carrier.
Cellular CDMA network (no data).
Trunk networks
There are a lot in Moscow, mainly from 140 to 470 MHz (with exceptions) NFM mode, 12.5 kHz step.
Frequency examples (MHz):
- 150 (150.450)
- 373-375
- 435-452
- 433-434 (433.45, 433.475 etc.)
- 477-478 (477.60, 477.61, 477.625, 477.65, 477.675, 477.70, etc.)
- 484 (484.86)
- 864-870 possibly MTK trunk.
RusAltai network (ASVT)
- 337-343 MHz - mobile objects.
- 368-388 MHz - repeaters.
NFM mode, step 25.
AMT network
NFM mode, step 12.5 or 25. Duplex and half duplex. Frequencies:
transmission/reception
- 300-308MHz/336-344MHz,
- 336-340MHz/346-350MHz.
INMARSAT satellite network
- 1626.5-1646.5 ascending beam from terminal stations.
- 1530-1545 downlink to terminal stations.
Other frequencies that are active on the air
- 30-50 MHz (Low band);
- 34.150 Moslift;
- 34.200 Mosvodoprovod;
- 34.875 Salute;
- 36.050 Regional water supply;
- 36.075 Control and measuring instruments;
- 36.325 Sewerage;
- 36.925 Moslift;
- 38.750, 39.800, 42.870, 44.350, 44.600 Military;
- 40.100, 44.800 Regional firemen;
- 41.700 Autobeeper;
- 41.800 Regional doctors 41.900 DEZ;
- 41.950 Depot;
- 42.150 Moskanalization;
- 42.250 Forestry;
- 43.125, 43.825 Reserve channels in case of war;
- 43.200 Mosenergo;
- 43.800, 44.750 Taxi;
- 46.200, 43.975, 44.500 APCs;
- 45.950 Moscow.
Frequencies of some service radio stations in St. Petersburg, and not only
List of frequencies permanently banned in Russia
495-505 kHz(step 10) - 500 kHz radio frequency is international distress and calling frequency for Morse radiotelegraphy.
Any emissions that may cause harmful interference to communications in the event of distress, accident, urgency or safety are prohibited on the following frequencies:
- 500 kHz
- 2174.5 kHz,
- 2182 kHz
- 2187.5 kHz,
- 4125 kHz,
- 4177.5 kHz,
- 4207.5 kHz,
- 6215 kHz,
- 6268 kHz,
- 6312 kHz,
- 8291 kHz,
- 8376.5 kHz,
- 8414.5 kHz,
- 12290 kHz,
- 12520 kHz,
- 12577 kHz,
- 16420 kHz,
- 16695 kHz,
- 16804.5 kHz,
- 121.5 MHz,
- 156.525 MHz,
- 156.8 MHz
- and in the frequency bands 406-406.1 MHz, 1544-1545 MHz and 1645.5-1646.5 MHz.
Any emissions on any other discrete frequency causing harmful interference to distress and safety communications are also prohibited.
2173.5-2190.5 (step 17) - radio frequency 2182 kHz (carrier) is also a call for radiotelephony.
This radio frequency can be used for search and rescue purposes for manned spacecraft. radio frequencies 2174.5 kHz, 4177.5 kHz, 6268 kHz, 8376.5 kHz, 12520 kHz and 16695 kHz are international frequencies intended exclusively for the exchange of information in case of distress and for ensuring safety at sea using narrow-band telegraphy equipment (direct printing).
radio frequencies 2187.5 kHz, 4207.5 kHz, 6312 kHz, 8114.5 kHz, 12577 kHz and 16804.5 kHz are international frequencies reserved exclusively for distress and navigational safety calls using digital selective calling equipment. Other transmissions in the specified frequency band are prohibited.
117.975-137 (step 19.025) - the radio frequency band is intended for preferential use aeronautical mobile service. Partial sections in this radio frequency band may be used by the aeronautical mobile-satellite (R) service.
Airborne emergency radio frequency 121.5 MHz used by stations in the aeronautical mobile service operating in the frequency band 117.975-137 MHz for distress and safety radiotelephone communications.
121.5 MHz can also be used for these purposes by stations life-saving appliances and emergency beacons-indicators disaster sites, for the purpose of search and rescue of manned spacecraft. 121.45-121.55 MHz may be used by the mobile-satellite service to receive aboard satellite signals from emergency beacons transmitting signals at the radio frequency 121.5 MHz.
123.1 MHz is the auxiliary frequency for air emergency frequency 121.5 MG u and is intended for use by stations of the aeronautical mobile service, as well as other mobile and land stations participating in joint search and rescue operations.
Mobile stations in the maritime mobile service may communicate on these frequencies with stations in the aeronautical mobile service in case of distress and safety.
136-137 MHz can be used space operation service(Space-to-Earth), the space research service (Space-to-Earth) and the meteorological-satellite (Space-to-Earth) service on a secondary basis.
156.8 MHz is international distress frequency, security and calling in the maritime mobile service for radiotelephony. This radio frequency can be used for search and rescue of manned spacecraft.
406-406.1 (step 0.1) - the radio frequency band is intended exclusively for satellite emergency beacons- indicators of the place of distress (Earth-Space).
List of prohibited radio frequencies
- 500 kHz 40,000
- 1.544-1.545 MHz (hereinafter MHz) 40.100
- 1,645-1,646 40,200
- 2,040 40,500
- 2125-2135 41,800
- 2,145 42,000
- 2,147-2,153 42,450
- 2,173-2,190 42,750
- 2,380 43,150
- 2,498-2,502 43,750
- 2,850-3,155 44,300
- 3,400-3,500 44,400
- 3.900-3,950 44,600
- 4,125 44,700 4,175 44,800 4,177 44,900 4,188 45,100 4,207 45,125 4,210 45,200 4,430 45,300 4,650-4,750 45,350
- 4.995-5,005 45,400 5,410 45,600 5,480-5,730 45,700 6,215 45,800 6,268 46,425 6,282 46,475 6,312 46,550 6,314 46,600 6,525-6,765 46,650 8,195-8,416 46,700 8,815-9,040 46,775
- 9.995-10,100 46,825
- 11,175-11,400 46,875 12,230-12,575 46,956 13,200-13,360 47,075 14,957-14,967 47,125
- 14.990-15,900 47,375 16,360-16,800 47,575
- 17.900-18,030 47,825 18,055-18,065 47,975 18,780-18,900 48,075 19,680 74,600-75,400
- 19.990-20,010 121,500
- 21,850-21,870 121,716-121,784 21,924-22,000 130,133-130,201 22,376 139,174-139,242
- 24.990-25,010 156,525
- 26,100 156,800 33,825 243,000 36,650 300,20.
Literature: Kashkarov A.P. Electronic devices for coziness and comfort.
Frequency channels and modes of operation of radio stations.
The vast majority of modern radio stations operate in simplex or half duplex. In this case, reception and transmission are not possible at the same time. The transmission is switched on by pressing the PTT. When the PTT is released, the station switches to receive mode. The transmit and receive frequencies form frequency channel and in general can be different.
If the transmit and receive frequencies are the same, then the channel is called simplex. If the transmit and receive frequencies are different, then the channel is duplex, and the radio operating mode is half-duplex. In mode full duplex(that is, when transmitting and receiving are carried out simultaneously and the PTT does not need to be pressed) only full-duplex radio stations can work on a duplex channel, which are not very common due to their high cost.
The radio can be programmed with the parameters of various channels. Depending on the model of the radio station, the number of channels can vary from 1 to 100 or more.
Equipment types.
The radio stations that make up the land mobile radio system can be divided into groups according to the following categories:
Operating conditions.
Professional radios (MOTOROLA, VERTEX):
As a rule, they meet the requirements of the military standard for shock resistance, vibration, dust and moisture protection. They have a minimum of controls, the parameters are hard-coded and cannot be changed by the user. Rated for long service life in harsh environments.
Commercial and amateur radio stations (YAESU, ALNICO):
They have a "friendly" design. Not designed to work in extreme conditions. The parameters can be set by the user. Radio amateur stations have an extended set of user functions.
It should be noted that some models occupy an intermediate position and cannot be unambiguously assigned to a certain class.
Place of installation.
Portable (wearable) radio stations:
Output power 0.5-6W, battery capacity 600-155mAh. Typical delivery set: transceiver (station itself), antenna, battery, Charger.
car radios:
Output power 10-60 W, powered by the on-board network (13.8 V). A typical delivery set: a transceiver (the station itself), a mounting kit, a power cable, a car microphone with a mount. car antenna, in most cases, is supplied separately.
Stationary radio stations:
As a rule, car stations have the possibility of stationary installation. Additional equipment: 220 V power supply, fixed antenna, antenna cable. For convenience, a desktop dispatcher microphone can be used.
Professional, commercial and amateur stations, as a rule, do not differ in basic radio engineering parameters (frequency bands, output power, sensitivity). The choice of one or another type of equipment is determined by the operating conditions and the required set of functions.
The choice of the type of radio network is determined by the available frequency resource, the number of users and the specifics of their work. In traditional radio dispatch systems, each group is assigned a dedicated frequency channel.
This method of organizing radio communication is quite effective in cases where the total number of system subscribers is small, and the required radio coverage area is limited. The main advantage of the radio communication system is its simplicity and low cost. The disadvantages include inefficient use of the frequency spectrum and a small set of service functions. Dispatch radio networks are most often used to organize technological or service radio communications.
Simplex radio networks.
In the simplest case, a radio network is a group of radio stations operating at the same frequency (on the same simplex channel) Fig. 2. All radio users can hear each other and call the required subscriber by voice. With this method of organizing communication, the number of radio stations, as a rule, is small (2-20).
The radio network can use portable, vehicular, and fixed radios. All of them are equal. Of course, the communication range between automobile (stationary) stations is higher.
Groups of subscribers in a simplex radio network.
Quite often in a radio communication system it is required to divide subscribers into groups. The simplest solution to this problem is to allocate its own frequency to each group, which in most cases is impossible due to the limited frequency resource. The most acceptable solution is to separate the groups according to tonal or digital pilot signals(Fig. 3).
In contact with
Classmates
Permitted UHF frequencies for radio amateurs their purpose
I often get questions from hams about frequency assignments on the UHF band. The fact is that the number of frequencies is limited and some of them are reserved for certain types of connections. For this reason, novice radio amateurs are afraid to take a specialized frequency and get hit on the ears. In order not to often answer these questions, I will give a table for the UHF band.
The range from 430 to 440 MHz is allocated to the amateur radio service on a secondary basis. Radio amateurs of the fourth category have the right to operate on these frequencies with a power of 5 W, the first, second and third at 10 W (at frequencies from 433 MHz to 440 MHz), even the first category is allowed to broadcast at 500 W in a limited range (for EME and MC connections). At frequencies of 430.000-433.000 MHz, you can only work with a power of 5 W for all categories.
Frequency range (MHz) | Bandwidth (kHz) | Types of modulation and purpose (MHz) |
---|---|---|
430,000-432,000 | 20,0 | All types |
432,000-432,025 | 0,5 | Only telegraphy and PSK31. Mostly EME. ( When conducting EME communications for the first category, the permitted power is 500 W) |
432,025-432,100 | 0,5 | Narrowband types. Activity centers: telegraphy 432.050 MHz, PSK31 432.088 MHz. ( When conducting EME communications for category 1, the permitted power is up to 500 W |
432,100-432,400 | 2,7 | Telegraphy, OBP, digital types. OBP Activity Center 432.200 MHz. Frequency for communications FSK41 without prior agreement 432.370 MHz. Frequency for planning communications in the microwave and EHF bands 432.350 MHz. ( When conducting EME communications for category 1, the permitted power is up to 500 W) |
432,400-432,500 | 0,5 | Telegraphy and digital modes are only beacons. |
432,500-433,000 | 12,0 | All kinds. Activity centers: APRS 432.500 MHz, teletype 432.600 MHz, fax 432.700 MHz. |
433,000-433,400 | 12,0 | FM, digital voice only for repeaters, reception. Frequency ratings 433.025-433.375 MHz, step 25 kHz. |
433,400-433,575 | 12,0 | FM, digital voice communication. SSTV Activity Center 433.400 MHz. Ringing frequencies: digital voice 433.450 MHz, FM 433.500 MHz. Amateur Radio Activity Center 433.450 MHz. Recommended channels for simplex communication 433.400-433.575 MHz, 12 kHz step |
433,600-434,000 | 20,0 | All kinds, digital automatic stations. Activity Centers: TTY 433.600 MHz, Fax 433.700 MHz. Recommended channels for digital voice 433.625-433.775 MHz, 25 kHz step |
434,000-434,025 | 0,5 | Only telegraphy and PSK31. Mostly EME. ( When conducting EME communications for category 1, the permitted power is 500 W |
434,025-434,100 | 0,5 | Narrowband types. Activity centers: telegraphy 434.050 MHz, PSK31 434.088 MHz. |
434,100-434,600 | 12,0 | All types, ATV. |
434,600-435,000 | 12,0 | FM, digital voice only repeaters, transmission. Frequency ratings 434.625-434.975 MHz, step 25 kHz. |
435,000-438,000 | 20,0 | All types, ATV. Primarily space communications. |
438,000-440,000 | 20,0 | All types, ATV, digital automatic stations. Recommended channels for digital automatic stations 439.800-439.975 MHz, 25 kHz step. Recommended channels for digital voice communication 438.025-438.175 MHz, 25 kHz step. Recommended frequency bands for experiments with new modes of communication are 438.550-438.625 MHz. |
In general, on UHF, unlike VHF, there is where to roam and choose the desired communication channel.
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Radio ranges and frequencies
In this article, we will briefly consider which frequencies are allocated for radio communications and which radio stations and which range should be considered when choosing equipment in a particular case. The article is presented in a free form, using simplifications in some concepts and details. It does not claim to be encyclopedic accuracy, but it will give a general idea of the frequencies used in Russia and the radio communication equipment used.
Consider, What bands do radios work on? and why, in one case or another, different radio frequency ranges.
Shortwave range - 1-30 MHz
HF radio It is mainly used by the military, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Navy, forestry and environmental organizations for professional communication over long distances - from 150 to 8000 km.
The main disadvantages of the HF band are low noise immunity and the need to use overall antennas up to several tens of meters long. Pluses - absolute autonomy, long communication range and low cost compared to satellite communications.
Main equipment used: Icom IC-78 , IC-M802., Vertex VX-1700, VX-1400, VX-1200/1210., Kenwood TK-90, Cordon R-12, Q-Mac HF 90M, Barrett PRC-2090 , PRC-2091, Karat, Angara.
Also, within 1-30 MHz, there are 9 sections of frequencies allocated for communication to radio amateurs. The main used HF amateur radio equipment is Kenwood, Icom, Yaesu, Elecraft transceivers. If for professional stable radio communications, the range is usually limited to 8000 km, then radio amateurs often conduct transcontinental radio sessions with their colleagues located on the other side of the globe.
Currently, the market for software-implemented radio - SDR equipment is gaining momentum. Software-based radio is beginning to be widely used in amateur radio, military and commercial applications. To date, Harris and Alcatel Lucent have already implemented several successful projects that use equipment based on SDR technology and cognitive radio (a radio system that can receive information about the features of its own operation and, based on this data, adjust its operating parameters). In the future, SDR technology has every chance of becoming a new standard in the telecommunications market.
Civil band - 27MHz
Conditionally called "range 27 MHz". Frequency range 25.6-30.1 MHz (officially allowed section - 26.965-27.860 MHz). Another name is CB range from the English abbreviation CB - Citizen Band.
Range of truckers on walkie-talkie this is the 15th channel, at 27.135 MHz, in amplitude modulation (AM) mode. The channel is actively used by truckers for communication on the highways. in big cities, walkie-talkie cb range 27 MHz, used by motorists to exchange traffic information. In different cities, different channels are used for urban communication. For example, in Krasnoyarsk it is channel 40, with a frequency of 27.405 MHz, in Kemerovo it is channel 27, with a frequency of 27.275 MHz. At the frequencies of urban auto channels, frequency modulation (FM) is used.
Also, radio stations of this range are used by small taxi firms and cargo carriers, rapid response teams of security companies and utilities. Despite the affordability of the equipment, and the fact that, according to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 13, 2011 No. 837, 27 MHz radios are not subject to registration, it is necessary to take into account the fact that civilian range subject to large atmospheric and industrial disturbances and the use walkie-talkieCB band for commercial purposes is not suitable for enterprises where high-quality radio communications are needed. Portable CB radios, due to the small radius of action and relatively large dimensions, they have not received much distribution and are used mainly in loading and unloading operations or in truck parking lots.
Most of the CB radio stations available in Russia are presented in our online store.
CB radio to buy which you can in our online store are presented in separate directory .
Low-Band range - 33-57.5 MHz
This is the lower section of the VHF mobile radio band.
Due to the large influence of industrial interference in cities and interference from TV broadcast transmitters, this range is used mainly in rural areas. The main users, since the times of the USSR, are ambulance stations and agricultural enterprises. To date, most of the world's manufacturers have stopped producing radio stations for these frequencies. Equipment for the Low-Band range, in this moment, are offered by domestic manufacturers - Granite and Vebr companies. In warehouses, you can still find radio stations from famous brands: Motorola GP340, GM360., Vertex Standard VX-3000L. Alinco, Inc. remains the only available foreign manufacturer of equipment in the 33-57.5 MHz range. The company offers the DJ-V17L portable radio and DR-135LH and DR-M06R car (base) radios.
Air range - 118-137 MHz
Aircraft carry out radio exchange between themselves and with ground services in this frequency range. Unlike most other types of VHF communications, amplitude modulation is used. Popular equipment for the air range -
wearable aviation range radios:
156.8375-174 MHz - mobile and fixed terrestrial communications.
In accordance with the basic law "On Communications" dated July 07, 2003 No. 126-FZ, in order to organize radio communications in this range, it is necessary to obtain permission from the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "GRCHTs". If it is necessary to obtain frequencies, we can provide consulting and accompanying support in obtaining permits.
High noise immunity and good signal transmission have made the 136-174 MHz band the most popular among users and equipment manufacturers. Most of the popular models of VHF radios and antennas are presented in our store. walkie-talkiesVHF band in our store are presented in separate directory .
River range - 300 MHz
Used for communication on inland waterways.
Operating frequencies of walkie-talkies are in the range of 300.0125-300.5125 MHz and 336.0125-336.5125 MHz.
River Range Walkie Talkie comes with pre-installed channels dedicated to communication with ships and shore services, for one purpose or another.
Channel radio frequencies- their numbers and purpose are established by the "Instructions on the organization of ship radio communications in the basin (region)", approved by the River Fleet Service of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation and agreed with local authorities of the State Supervision of Radio Communications. So, the main channels are:
Channel 2 (300.05 MHz) - for communication between ships;
Channel 3 (300.1 MHz) - for communication with gateway controllers;
Channel 4 (300.15 MHz) - for communication with other river fleet services;
Channel 5 (300.2 MHz) - for calling ships, coordinating the order of divergence and overtaking when maneuvering and transmitting distress signals.
Channel 25 and 43 (336.2 MHz and 300.125 MHz) are commonly used for communication between yachts.
All radio stations installed on ships, on inland waterways, must necessarily have the Permission of the River Register of Russia (RRR) and the Certificate of the Ministry of Communications, regardless of their ownership and whether these radio stations are the main or additional equipment.
According to the frequency allocation approved by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), all over the world for communication between ships (rivers and seas) frequencies in the range of 156-162 MHz are used. The 300 MHz river band is used only in Russia and the choice of equipment offered for this band is small. Popular river radio stations: Radioma-300, Vertex Standard VX-451 / VX-454, Vega VG-304, Argut A-36.
VHF range - 400-470 MHz
In foreign sources, the range is referred to as UHF, the name of which is derived from capital letters Ultra High Frequency.
The distribution features of UHF frequencies make it possible to recommend this range for use in dense urban areas, in the mountains. In forest conditions, radio stations at 400 MHz are inferior to radio stations in the 136-174 MHz range.
In the range, frequency bands are allocated for professional use, for radio amateurs and for unlicensed use by everyone.
Radio frequencies, whose operation, in accordance with the basic law "On Communications" dated July 7, 2003 No. 126-FZ, is possible only if there are permits:
420-430 MHz - mobile and fixed terrestrial communications;
430-440 MHz - amateur radio band;
440-470 MHz - mobile and fixed terrestrial communications.
If it is necessary to obtain frequency ratings, we can provide consulting and accompanying support in obtaining permits.
Sections of the range, which, according to Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2004 No. 896, do not require permits - allowed radio range(unlicensed frequencies):
433.075-434.775 MHz - LPD ("Low Power Device") range. Standard frequency grid of 69 denominations, with a step of 25 kHz;
446.00625-446.09375 - PMR (Private Mobile Radio) band. Standard frequency grid of 8 channels, with a step between channels of 12.5 kHz (for fine tuning, the walkie-talkie must be able to tune the step of 6.25 kHz).